Introduction

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is witnessing a significant transformational period with promising economic developments through the diversification of resources. Hence, there is an increasing interest in creative and new businesses in all industries, which requires more attention to entrepreneurship (Alessa & Alajmi, 2017). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) represent one of the most vital sectors in any economy due to their significant contribution to employment and Gross Domestic (GDP) (Ayyagari et al., 2003). SMEs in Saudi Arabia contribute to the Saudi economy only by 20% to the Product GDP. It is a fact that entrepreneurs are focused on increasing profits and facing high competition in the market. However, entrepreneurs usually do not pay attention to the importance of human development and cultural improvement despite its significant influence on the many organizational aspects (e.g., quality, job satisfaction, performance) (Momani, 2017). Small enterprises in Saudi Arabia as an enterprise that has from 6 to 49 employees and from 3 to 40 Million SR as revenue. While Medium enterprise is the one with 50 to 249 employees and revenue from 40 to 200 Million SR. Many researchers pointed out that the success of SMEs depends on their first years in the business. Statistics show that the failure of small businesses is more than 50% in the first five years (Ahmad, 2007; Nikoli? et al., 2019; Yusoff, et al., 2018). SMEs in Arab countries as emerging markets still have unsatisfactory performance. This problem could be caused by the nature, structure, and policies of Arab economics (Elasrag, 2012). However, under the global crises of COVID-19, the Saudi government presented substantial efforts to support the SME sector and prevent business failure as much as possible. Monsha'at (2020) was surveyed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on SMEs in Saudi Arabia. The results show that small businesses were the major beneficiary of the Saudi government initiatives at a percentage of 61% of the total SMEs. Although, SMEs' owners indicated that there is a need for additional support from the government.

Despite the notable efforts that the Saudi government offers for SMEs, there are many challenges and barriers facing entrepreneurship and start-up businesses in Saudi Arabia. According to Alessa and Alajmi (2017), the main constraints include; the lack of regulation, shortage of qualified workforce, lack of management skills, and the high competition with foreign companies. Also, the enterprise is associated with the entrepreneur from financial and administrative aspects, which in many cases leads to low performance and the lack of initiatives.

The effect of enterprises failure was described by Naples(1997) "Business failures are not just blips on the screen of economic activity that are instantaneously counteracted by business formation. They destroy jobs, and this independently contributes to economic decline… Consequently, national income falls further, and unemployment increases more drastically."

Recently, scholars started to examine entrepreneurship from an organizational culture perspective. The enterprise culture is shaped through its external cultural constraints. Also, enterprises use their internal culture to enhance entrepreneurial culture and innovation (Lee & Chung, 2020). Lots of studies found that economic growth, prosperity, and job creation can be achieved through SMEs (Elasrag, 2012; Sabella, 2014; Momani, 2017; Saberi & Hamdan, 2019; Urbano et al., 2019). Therefore, scholars investigate new methods to support and improve SMEs' performance. Conveniently, organizational culture plays a critical role in the process of SME improvement. An enterprise that emphasizes its internal culture is most likely to sustain itself and succeed in highly competitive conditions (Hamdan & Alheet, 2020). However, most of the studies on organizational culture are developed in Western workplaces. In Arab countries, studies on organizational culture are very rare, especially in Saudi Arabia (Ben-Saad & Abbas, 2018).

Literature Review

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship refers to the emergent behaviors in organizations that drive making a difference and create new forms of doing business (Antoncic & Hisrich, 2004). The entrepreneurship concept appeared in the 17th century when Richard Cantillion defined an entrepreneur as a risk-taker who seeks more profits (Hébert & Link, 2009). Bull and Willard (1993) cited that Richard Cantillon in 1755, was the first who used the term entrepreneur to describe the businessman "who exercises business judgment in the face of uncertainty”. Jean Baptiste Say defined an entrepreneur as the leader of production and distribution, who aims to reduce designated resources while increasing the effectiveness of production (Peneder, 2009). In the 20^th century, the concept of entrepreneurship was developed among management and economic scientist. Joseph Schumpeter described entrepreneurship from an innovation perspective. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur has the ability to find creative ways to use the existing resources (Chipeta et al., 2016). A wildly recognized definition was conducted by Stevenson & Jarillo (1991) state that entrepreneurship is "the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources they currently controlled".

Organizational Performance

The organizational performance definition was debated among researchers, and like most of the social science definitions, it was improved and changed during different periods. However, recently, the definition of organizational performance focuses on the capacity and capabilities in which a firm can effectively and efficiently make use of the available resources to fulfill its objectives when considering consistency and relevance with the overall structure (Jenatabadi, 2015). Also, recent studies defined organizational performance accordantly with organizational factors including human resources management, leadership style, and organizational culture (Abu-Jarad et al., 2010). Chien (2004) found that organizational performance can be determined through five main aspects, namely; job design, motivation, human resource, leadership style, and organizational culture.

Researchers argued about the different measures of performance at SMEs. Financial aspects are usually considered the most common criteria to measure the performance of enterprises. However, non-financial factors such as pride in the job, flexibility, and personal satisfaction affect the performance of enterprises (Walker & Brown, 2004). Also, the continuity of the business is considered as a measurement of organizational performance. Given the difficulties of financing, high competition, and other barriers, an SME that survive and continue in the industry for three years and more is considered a successful enterprise (Karadag, 2017; Lukács, 2005). Continuity was defined in 1992 by Srivastva & Fry as “the connectedness over time among organizational efforts and a sense or experience of ongoingness that links the past to the present and the present to future hopes and ideals”.

Organizational culture

Recently, researchers pay more attention to studying organizational culture since it became a critical aspect of any existing organization. The term "culture" is considered a broad idiom, there are around 160 definitions for culture in different contexts that are used by scholars (Shaiq et al., 2011). The culture as a "Composite whole which includes knowledge, art, morals, law, belief, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". Hofstede (1984) defined culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguished a group from another, which involves patterns of thinking that are transferred between people. In addition, Hofstede mentioned that the cultural aspect of management should consider how people's minds are programmed according to their life experiences. It is worth mentioning that Elliot Jaques was the first scientist that used the concept of corporate culture when he published a book in 1951 titled "Changing Culture of a Factory". The book discussed many theories of culture at a manufacturing facility. Hence, it considers as a start of the concept that did not get much attention back then (Hatch, 2018). Further, organizational culture refers to the values, standards, attitudes, and beliefs that are created and shared -informally- by the members inside the organization (Miron et al., 2004). It is the social norms that blind people into collective groups, simply it is ‘the way things are done around here (Wagner et al., 2014). People who contributed to identifying the organizational culture believe that culture could be valuable for others who will come after them (Nugent & Flynn, 2020).

Competing Value Framework (CVF)

Competing Value Framework (CVF) is a wildly recognized model that has been studied by lots of scholars. The framework was used in various organizational aspects such as human resources, leadership, value creation, and organizational culture. Further, CVF is currently used by hundreds of companies around the world for different purposes. According to Cameron & Quinn (2006): "The Competing Value Framework serves as a map, an organizing mechanism, a sense-making device, a source of new ideas, and a learning system". CVF was developed by Robert Quinn and John Rohrbaugh in 1983 based on the 30 effectiveness criteria that were presented by Campbell in 1977 (Yu & Wu, 2009). The last version of CVF was presented through a study titled "Competing Values Leadership Creating Value in Organizations" by Cameron et al. (2006). The new framework is concerned with value creation, and how to present values at a high level of simplicity and complexity at the same time. According to Cameron et al. (2006), there are four types of culture inside an organization, namely, Clan culture, Adhocracy culture, Hierarchy culture, and Market culture as seen in Figure 1, the four types are compatible with the value dimensions and the management orientation in the previous CVF studies. Hamilton & Biggart (1998) found that adhocracy, clan, and market cultures have a constant positive relationship with all performance variables over the years and proved a stronger influence in that context.

Clan Culture (Collaborate)

Clan culture is characterized by high collectivism and teamwork with fully involved and empowered employees. Leaders in the clan culture are most likely to be patient, selfless, and caring. On the other hand, they are bold, powerful, and challengers (Cameron & Quinn, 2006). According to Yu and Wu (2009), clan culture could be used as a mechanism when it is difficult to assess performance (e.g., working under a high level of uncertainty or complexity). A study conducted by Wagner et al. (2014) on188 hospitals in 7 countries, found that clan culture is the dominating culture among the participated hospitals with 33% of the sample. Hartnell et al. (2011) found that clan culture has the most significant association with quality and employees' attitudes. According to Ch et al. (2013) clan, culture is one of the most preferred cultures among employees, where the leaders act as mentors and emphasize teamwork, loyalty, and long-term benefit from human resources. Clan culture is a strong force that leads and holds the organization together (Santti et al., 2017). Li?betinová et al. (2016) found that employees appreciate having a familial culture as a dominant culture, which is one of the most critical aspects of clan culture. Further, the study pointed out that underestimating this factor will be a loss of an essential tool for success. Ogbonna and Haris (2000) found that loyalty is achieved through clan culture which, in turn, will positively impact organizational performance.

Research Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between clan culture and organizational performance.

Adhocracy culture (Create)

An organization that has an adhocracy culture is capable to innovate and to adapt with constant change in the external environment. Leaders are encouraging new ideas and leading through creativity (Cameron et al., 2006). According to Yu and Wu (2009), adhocracy culture could be a temporary situation when new goals emerged. Moreover, it appears in industries such as consulting, software developments, and space flights. According to Fitria and Andriani (2020), the role of the enterprise in adhocracy culture is to develop its products and services toward a leading firm in the future. Khurosani (2013) found that there is a positive and significant relationship between supporting adhocracy culture and work creativity as a moderating variable. Based on this result, Khurosani suggests that an adhocracy culture supports leaders’ and employees' creativity and innovation through the emphasis on freedom value. Keskin et al. (2005) examined knowledge management strategy through organizational culture as an essential precursor of the knowledge management process. The study found that adhocracy culture has positive effects on tacit-oriented knowledge management strategy. Results of a study conducted by Misigo et al. (2019) revealed that adhocracy culture has a significant association with organizational performance. Further, adhocracy, clan, and market cultures had a consistently positive relationship with all the performance variables over the years and demonstrated a stronger impact in that order. Naranjo?Valencia et al. (2011) indicated that an adhocracy culture encourages innovation inside the organization.

Research Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between adhocracy culture and organizational performance.

Market culture (Compete)

Market culture is oriented to compete within the external focus to get the largest market share and greater profits (Cameron et al., 2006). Market orientation as corporate culture is considered a key element for an enterprise to reach superior performance. The market culture emphasizes productivity, goal fulfillment, performance, and achievement values. The purpose of firms that emphasize the market culture is to pursue and fulfill well-defined goals such as financial success (Yu & Wu, 2009). There are lots of researchers investigated the impact of market orientation on organizational performance. According to Fernandes et al. (2020) market orientation has a positive effect on international performance. Han et al. (1998) found that a market-oriented firm facilitates innovation which leads to superior performance. Further, the study suggested that such a strategy can be achieved through committed organizational culture.

A study conducted by Kharabsheh et al. (2015) found that there is a significant relationship between market-oriented culture and organizational performance. Further, Gallagher and Brown (2008) suggested that market culture is a critical factor for organizations to achieve superior financial performance. Also, Ali & Gorondutse (2020) found that market orientation is positively and significantly associated with organizational performance.

Research Hypothesis 3: There is a relationship between market culture and organizational performance.

Hierarchy culture (Control)

Leaders in the hierarchy culture act as coordinators who aim to efficiency through uniformity and timeliness. An organization with a hierarchy culture is characterized by high levels of control where leaders are very coordinated and organized. The main objective will be operational effectiveness at all levels (Cameron et al., 2006). Standardization, strict control, and well-assigned tasks are the main factor of the hierarchy culture (Yu & Wu, 2009). Naranjo?Valencia et al. (2011) found that a firm with a hierarchy culture tends to imitate the key players in the market. On the other hand, Prajogo & McDermott (2011) presented a study that concluded hierarchy culture has a role in improving product quality since it has a high level of control. In a study conducted by Calciolari and Lega (2018) the hierarchy culture is associated with better performance and higher competitiveness. Moreover, Sanner and Bunderson (2018) stated a growing number of research indicated that the right hierarchy structure helps employees to be creative and capable to learn. Also, the study explained this conclusion through the fact that with the absence of leaders and experienced employees, teams will suffer from unfocused and inefficient performance Figure 2.

Research Hypothesis 4: There is a relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational performance.

Studies on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance

There are lots of studies that linked the culture and performance inside the organization for different purposes. According to Lim (1995), researchers assumed that the deeply rooted values in the corporate culture have a positive impact on organizational performance. A study conducted by Nikpour (2017) found that organizational culture has an indirect effect on organizational performance through employee commitment. Another study presented by Acar (2014) found that organizational culture with its different types has a direct or indirect impact on organizational performance in the healthcare sector. This study agrees with Zhang’s (2012) research which concluded that organizational culture has many types that positively or negatively affect performance, whether it is financial, market, or organizational performance. Kismono and Ramadista (2020) found that organizational culture has an impact on organizational performance through human resource management practices. Also, Tasmin (2020) found that there is a positive impact of knowledge management on organizational performance, where the culture has an insignificant influence between the two variables. On the other hand, Mona and Subagja (2020) indicated that there is an impact of leadership style as a cultural variable on organizational performance, with emotional intelligence as an intervening variable. Bashayreh (2019) suggested that enterprises should consider organizational culture as an important part of success in the dynamic market. Also, Bashayreh's study found that there are different effects of organizational culture on enterprises’ performance. Alghamdi (2018) found that Total Quality Management (TQM) and organizational culture are positively and significantly related to organizational performance. Moreover, organizational performance is associated with financial performance. Hence, many studies are confirming that there is an impact of organizational culture on financial performance (Ali et al., 2017; Yesil and Kaya, 2013; Flamholtz, 2001).

Methodology

In the area of organizational culture studies, there are many frameworks, models, and methods used to identify and measure the culture inside an organization. This study used OCAI as a research method, the instrument proved its validity and it has been examined and used by a lot of researchers (e.g., Van Huy, 2020; Andreou et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020; Choi et al., 2010; Heritage et al., 2014; Li?betinová et al., 2016). Nowadays, the instrument is used by managers as one of the main methods to identify the current and desire cultural type in the enterprise. Also, many businesses offer the instrument for enterprises as a paid service (e.g., OCAI online).

Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)

Quinn et al. (1991); Cameron and Quinn (2006) developed the OCAI to diagnose and identify the culture type in the organization. The tool is constructed according to CVF and it aims to assist leaders to make initiatives for changing the organizational culture accordantly with future goals. The instrument defines the organizational culture to ensure that the culture is clear from the employees' side, after that, the firm should decide whether the change is needed or not. Employee’s involvement must be done from all levels across the enterprise in the cultural change decision. The results will make the value creation process is a possible and achievable goal (Cameron et al., 2006). The research applies the quantitative research method using a questionnaire containing organizational performance and organizational culture measures. The performance will be measured according to six questions published by Nielsen et al., (2011) and Maktabi and Khazaei (2014). While the culture will be defined using OCAI with 24 questions for organizational culture types (Clan, Adhocracy, Market, and Hierarchy Culture) classified under 6 dimensions for each type, namely; Dominant Characteristics, Organizational Leadership, Management of Employees, Organizational Glue, Strategic emphasize and Criteria of success. The questionnaire adopted a 5-point Likert scale. Each statement required participants to score their agreement level (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree). The research population includes 43 employees from different levels at SMEs in Saudi Arabia as a representative sample.

Results

The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V26. Alpha Cronbach test was employed to check the reliability of the questionnaire for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to find which includes the mean and the standard deviation for continuous variables, while the frequency distributions were used to examine the categorical variables. Apart from that, some of the tests of Inferential Statistics such as correlation were used to examine the hypotheses and find out the relationship among different variables.

Reliability Analysis

Alpha Cronbach test is used to check the reliability of the response received for a survey. Table 1 shows the Rule of thumb for the interpretation of the Alpha Cronbach test score (Habidin et al., 2015).

Table 1 Alpha Cronbach Test Score
Cronbach’s Alpha	Internal Consistency
α ≥ .90	Excellent
.80 ≤ α < .90	Good
.70 ≤ α < .80	Acceptable
.60 ≤ α < .70	Questionable
.50 ≤ α < .60	Poor
α < .50	Unacceptable

Table 2 shows the results of the Alpha Cronbach test for each question type of the questionnaire used in this study.

Table 2 Reliability Of The Research Instrument
Variable	Cronbach's Alpha	Number of Items
Clan culture	0.773	6
Adhocracy culture	0.859	6
Market culture	0.906	6
Hierarchy culture	0.796	6
Organizational Performance	0.93	6

Alpha Cronbach test value of all survey elements is greater than 0.7. Hence, all questionnaire elements are reliable for statistical analysis.

Descriptive Statistics

This section will discuss demographic information of the survey participants and the mean and the standard deviation value of the questionnaire elements. Table 3 shows the demographic information of the survey.

Table 3 Demographics
Gender	Frequency	Percentage
Male	11	25.6
Female	32	74.4
Age Categories
18-24	3	7
25-34	34	79.1
35-44	5	11.6
45-54	1	2.3
Nationality
Saudi	42	97.7
Non-Saudi	1	2.3
Years of experience
>10 years	3	7
<5 years	31	72.1
From 5 to10 years	9	20.9
Educational level
Master or above	5	11.6
Bachelor	33	76.7
Diploma	3	7
High school or below	2	4.7

Inferential Statistics

H₁: There is a relationship between clan culture and organizational performance.

Plot: Clan Culture And Organizational Performance

Given that the estimated coefficient is positive, the relationship between clan culture and organizational performance is direct. The Scatter Plot in Figure 3 illustrates the nature of the relationship between the variables (Clan Culture and Organizational Performance)Table 4 and Table 5.

Table 4 Coefficients
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	0.137	0.551		0.249	0.805
	Clan Culture	0.962	0.142	0.726	6.758	0
a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Performance

Table 5 Coefficients
Coefficientsa
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	.929	.465		1.996	.053
	Adhocracy Culture	.775	.122	.703	6.330	.000
a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Performance

 

H₂: There is a relationship between adhocracy culture and organizational performance

Furthermore, since the estimated coefficient is positive, the relationship between adhocracy culture and organizational performance is direct. The Scatter Plot in Figure 4 illustrates the nature of the relationship between the two variables (adhocracy culture and organizational performance)Table 6.

H3: There is a relationship between market culture and organizational performance

Table 6 Coefficients
Coefficientsa
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.	Collinearity Statistics
		B	Std. Error	Beta			Tolerance	VIF
1	(Constant)	.929	.465		1.996	.053
	Market Culture	.775	.122	.703	6.330	.000	1.000	1.000
a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Performance

Market Culture And Organizational Performance

Furthermore, given that the estimated coefficient is positive, the relationship between market culture and organizational performance is direct. The Scatter Plot in Figure 5 illustrates the nature of the relationship between the two variables Table 7.

H₄: There is the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational performance

Table 7 Coefficients
Coefficientsa
Model		Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig.	Collinearity Statistics
		B	Std. Error	Beta			Tolerance	VIF
1	(Constant)	.187	.273		.685	.497
	Hierarchy Culture	.944	.069	.905	13.618	.000	1.000	1.000
a. Dependent Variable: Organizational Performance

Furthermore, given that the estimated coefficient is positive, the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational performance is direct. The Scatter Plot in Figure 6 illustrates the nature of the relationship between the variables.

Table 8 shows correlation values between different variables of interest. Correlation values between all culture types and organizational performance are greater than 0.70, which represents a strong positive correlation.

Table  8 Correlation
Correlations
		Clan Culture	Adhocracy Culture	Market Culture	Hierarchy Culture	Organizational Performance
Clan Culture	Pearson Correlation		.894**	.894**	.845**	.726**
	Sig. (2-tailed)		.000	.000	.000	.000
	N		43	43	43	43
Adhocracy Culture	Pearson Correlation			1.000**	.799**	.703**
	Sig. (2-tailed)			.000	.000	.000
Market Culture	Pearson Correlation				.799**	.703**
	Sig. (2-tailed)				.000	.000
Hierarchy Culture	Pearson Correlation					.905**
	Sig. (2-tailed)					.000
Organizational Performance	Pearson Correlation
	Sig. (2-tailed)
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Discussion

The research aimed to examine whether, or not organizational culture has a positive impact on organizational performance in SMEs in Saudi Arabia the study used CVF for the diagnosis of the cultural type. The independent variables are clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy cultures. While the dependent variable of the study is the organizational performance of the SMEs. According to the results of this study, and as summarized in Table 9, all four hypotheses were supported statistically. This result is supported by Hamilton and Biggart’s (1998) study, which found that all four types have a positive impact on performance. This study also found that the hierarchy culture has the highest impact on performance with a coefficient of determination (R²) equal to .819. Followed by clan culture (. 527), then adhocracy and market culture at the same value of .494. However, the difference between regression values is not statistically significant. Further, the results are supported and consistent with the previous studies. In the clan culture, Ogbonna and Haris (2000) found that loyalty is an important value for employees, and it could be created through clan culture. This, in turn, will positively impact organizational performance. Further, the positive impact of the adhocracy culture was proved by Misigo et al.’s (2019) study.

Table 9 Hypotheses Results In Summary
Hypotheses	Supported/ Unsupported	Statistical Analysis	Previous Studies
H1: There is a relationship between clan culture and organizational performance	Supported	P < .001 β = .726 t = 6.758 R2= .527	Ogbonna and Haris (2000)
H2: There is a relationship between adhocracy culture and organizational performance.	Supported	P < .001 β = .703 t = 6.33 R2= .494	Misigo et al. (2019)
H3: There is a relationship between market culture and organizational performance.	Supported	P < .001 β = .703 t = 6.33 R2= .494	Fernandes et al. (2020) Ali & Gorondutse (2020)
H4: There is a relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational performance.	Supported	P < .001 β = .905 t = 13.61 R2= .819	Calciolari and Lega (2018) Sanner and Bunderson (2018).

The study revealed that adhocracy culture has a significant association with organizational performance. Ali and Gorondutse (2020) found that market orientation is positively and significantly associated with organizational performance. Also, Fernandes et al. (2020) indicated that market culture fhas a positive impact on performance. Sanner and Bunderson (2018) suggested that hierarchy culture help to organize workgroups and coordinate tasks, which will positively impact organizational performance. Hierarchy culture was also proved its positive impact on performance by Calciolari and Lega (2018).

Conclusion

Organizational culture is an emergent concept that has been investigated by lots of scholars in the last three decades. This study aimed to explore the impact of organizational culture on organizational performance on SMEs in Saudi Arabia considering them a critical element of the economy. The unsatisfactory performance of SMEs noted in Saudi Arabia drives researchers to provide different methods that help SMEs to sustain and survive in the challenging market. For this purpose, this research used the four types of culture indicated by (Cameron et al, 2006) to find the impact on organizational performance. The study found that all types (clan, market, adhocracy, hierarchy) have a positive impact on organizational performance. However, hierarchy culture has the most significant impact on performance, followed by the clan and finally adhocracy and market at the same statistical values. Also, the literature review supports these findings as many researchers investigated the same variables in different contexts .

This research provides some insights for SMEs that help to enhance their performance. The organizational culture is not only about providing a positive environment for employees; rather, it can also be used as a tool to direct the organization towards its purpose through creating deep-rooted values. Managers, leaders, business owners, and entrepreneurs should find the right culture type that fits their strategy and objectives. The OCAI is an effective instrument that proved its validity to identify the cultural type in organizations. Once the cultural type is identified, it should be examined in terms of performance to find the positive or the negative impact and finally, making the necessary changes that shapes the desired culture.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [Project No. GRANT547].

References

Abu-Jarad, IY., Yusof, NA., Nikbin, D. (2010). A review paper on organizational culture and organizational performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,1(3).

Google Scholar

Acar, AZ., & Acar, P. (2014). Organizational culture types and their effects on organizational performance in Turkish hospitals.EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal,3(3), 18-31.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Ahmad, NH. (2007).A cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia. Doctoral dissertation.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Alessa, A., & Alajmi, S. (2017). The development of Saudi Arabian Entrepreneurship and Knowledge society.Int. J. Manag. Excell,9, 1155.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Alghamdi, F. (2018). Total quality management and organizational performance: A possible role of organizational culture.International Journal of Business Administration,9(4), 186-200.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Ali, H.S.H., Said, R.M., Abdullah, A., & Daud, ZM. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on corporate financial performance: A review.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,5(8), 585-597.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Ali, GA., Hilman, H., & Gorondutse, A.H. (2020). Effect of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, and total quality management on performance.Benchmarking: An International Journal.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Andreou, P.C., Harris, T., Philip, D., & Zhang, W. (2020). The OCAI Textual Measure of Organizational Culture: Construct Validation Documentation'.SSRN Electronic Journal.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R.D. (2004). Corporate entrepreneurship contingencies and organizational wealth creation.Journal of management development. Vol. 23 No. 6, pp. 518-550.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Beck, T. (2003).Small and medium enterprises across the globe: a new database. The World Bank.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Aziz, R.A., Maria, D., Laila, S.N., & Azima, M.F. (2020). Development of Knowledge Management System for Determining Organizational Performances, Total Quality Management, And Culture. InJournal of Physics: Conference Series(Vol. 1529, No. 2, p. 022063). IOP Publishing.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Bashayreh, A.M. (2019). Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance. InHuman Performance Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 1378-1393). IGI Global.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Ben-Saad, G., & Abbas, M. (2018). The impact of organizational culture on job performance: a study of Saudi Arabian public sector work culture.Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(3), 207-218.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Bull, I., & Willard, G.E. (1993). Towards a theory of entrepreneurship.Journal of business venturing,8(3), 183-195.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Calciolari, S., Prenestini, A., & Lega, F. (2018). An organizational culture for all seasons? How cultural type dominance and strength influence different performance goals.Public Management Review,20(9), 1400-1422.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Cameron, K.S., Quinn, R.E., DeGraff, J., & Thakor, A.V. (2006). Competing values leadership: Creating value in oranizations (Northampton, MA:Elgar).

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Cameron, K.S. & Quinn R.E.  (2006), Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Ch, A.S., Zainab, N., Maqsood, H., & Sana, R. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment: A comparative study of public and private organizations.Research Journal of Recent Sciences, ISSN,2277, 2502.

Google Scholar

Chien, M.H. (2004). A study to improve organizational performance: A view from SHRM.Journal of American academy of business,4(1/2), 289- 291.

Google Scholar

Chipeta, E.M., Koloba, H.A., & Surujlal, J. (2016). Influence of Gender and Age on Social Entrepreneurship Intentions among University Students in Gauteng Province, South Africa.Gender & Behaviour,14(1), 6885–6899.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Choi, Y.S., Seo, M., Scott, D., & Martin, J. (2010). Validation of the organizational culture assessment instrument: An application of the Korean version.Journal  of sport management,24(2), 169-189.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Elasrag, H. (2012). The developmental role of SMEs in the Arab countries.Available at SSRN 2127954.

Fernandes, C.I., Ferreira, J.J., Lobo, C.A., & Raposo, M. (2020). The impact of market orientation on the internationalization of SMEs.Review of International Business and Strategy.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Fitria, Y., & Andriani, C. (2020). Review of the Effect of Personal Factors on Organizational Culture Implementation in SMEs in the City of Padang. Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (pp. 1024-1032).

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Flamholtz, E. (2001). Corporate culture and the bottom line.European Management Journal,19(3), 268-275.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Gallagher, S., Brown, C., & Brown, L. (2008). A strong market culture drives organizational performance and success.Employment Relations Today,35(1), 25-31.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Habidin, N., Zubir, A., Fuzi, N., Latip, N., & Azman, M. (2015). Sustainable manufacturing practices in Malaysian automotive industry: confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 5(1). doi: 10.1186/s40497-015-0033-8

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Hamilton, G.G., & Biggart, N.W. (19.88). Market, culture, and authority: A comparative analysis of management and organization in the Far East.American journal of Sociology,94, S52-S94.

Google Scholar

Hamdan, Y., & Alheet, A.F. (2020). Influence of organisational culture on proactiveness, innovativeness and risk taking behavior of SMEs.Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues,8(1), 203-217.

Google Scholar

Han, J.K., Kim, N., & Srivastava, R.K. (1998). Market orientation and organizational performance: is innovation a missing link?.Journal of marketing,62(4), 30-45.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Hartnell, C.A., Ou, A.Y., & Kinicki, A. (2011). Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions.Journal of applied psychology,96(4), 677.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Hatch, M.J. (2018). Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives (4th ed). Oxford University Press. pp.161.

Google Scholar

Hébert, R.F. & Link, A.N. (2009). A History of Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Heritage, B., Pollock, C., & Roberts, L. (2014). Validation of the organizational culture assessment instrument.PloS one,9(3), e92879.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural dimensions in management and planning.Asia Pacific journal of management,1(2), 81-99.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Jenatabadi, H.S. (2015). An overview of organizational performance index: Definitions and measurements.Available at SSRN 2599439.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Karadag, H. (2017). The impact of industry, firm age and education level on financial management performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Journal of Entrepreneurship in emerging economies.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Keskin, H., Akgün, A.E., Günsel, A., & ?mamo?lu, S.Z. (2005). The relationships between adhocracy and clan cultures and tacit oriented KM strategy.Journal of Transnational Management,10(3), 39-53.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Kharabsheh, R.A., Jarrar, K., & Simeonova, B. (2015). The impact of competitive strategies on responsive market orientation, proactive market orientation, learning orientation and organizational performance. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(5), 423-435.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Khurosani, A. (2013). Adhocracy culture support and leader's working creativity.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity,3(4), 411.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Kismono, G., & Ramadista, R.M.P. (2020). The Effect of the Degree of Misfit Between Human Resources Management Practices and the Types of Organizational Culture on Organizational Performance.Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business,22(3), 301-322.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Lee, S., & Chung, G.H. (2020). Cultural Entrepreneurship: Between-Organization Cultural Isomorphism and Within-Organization Culture Shaping.SAGE Open,10(3), 2158244020939540.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Lim, B. (1995). Examining the organizational culture and organizational performance link.Leadership & Organization Development Journal.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Li?betinová, L., Lorincová, S., & Caha, Z. (2016). The application of the organizational culture assessment instrument (OCAI) to logistics enterprises.NAŠE MORE: znanstveni ?asopis za more I pomorstvo,63(3), 170-176.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Lukács, E. (2005). The economic role of SMEs in world economy, especially in Europe.European integration studies,4(1), 3-12.

Google Scholar

Naranjo?Valencia, J.C., Jiménez?Jiménez, D., & Sanz?Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture.Management decision.

Google Scholar

Naples, M.I. (1997). Business failures and the expenditure multiplier, or how recessions become depressions.Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,19(4), 511-523.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Nielsen, P., Rasmussen, P., & Kuo, T.H. (2011). How to improve organizational performance through learning and knowledge?. International Journal of Manpower .

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Nikoli?, N., Jovanovi?, I., Nikoli?, ?., Mihajlovi?, I., & Schulte, P. (2019). Investigation of the factors influencing SME failure as a function of its prevention and fast recovery after failure.Entrepreneurship Research Journal,9(3), 1-21.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Nikpour, A. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: The mediating role of employee’s organizational commitment.International Journal of Organizational Leadership,6, 65-72.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Nugent, P.D., & Flynn, J. (2020). Reviving Organizational Culture with the Concept of Tradition: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective.International Journal of Business & Applied Sciences,9(1), 54–58.

Google Scholar

Maktabi, S.H., & Khazaei, A. (2014). The impact of organizational learning on organizational performance and organizational innovation: Evidence from Bank Industry of Iran.International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences,3(10), 569-573.

Google Scholar

Miron, E., Erez, M., Naveh, E. (2004). Do personal characteristics and cultural. Values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other? Journal of Organizational Behavior, (25), 175-199.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Misigo, G.K., Were, S., & Odhiambo, R. (2019). Influence of adhocracy culture on performance of public water companies in Kenya.International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration,3(5), 84-103.

Google Scholar

Momani, B. (2017). Entrepreneurship: An engine for job creation and inclusive growth in the Arab world.

Mona, V., & Subagja, I.K. (2020). The Influence of Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Culture on Organizational Performance with Emotional  as a Mediation Variables: a Case Study at the Jatimelati Bekasi Village Office.International Journal of Business and Social Science Research,1(1), 17-27.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L.C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies.International Journal of human resource management,11(4), 766-788.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Prajogo, D.I., & McDermott, C.M. (2011). The relationship between multidimensional organizational culture and performance.International Journal of Operations & Production Management.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Peneder, M. (2009). The meaning of entrepreneurship: A modular concept.Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade,9(2), 77-99.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Quinn, R.E., & Spreitzer, G.M. (1991). The psychometrics of the competing values culture instrument and an analysis of the impact of organizational culture on quality of life. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 5, 115–142.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Quinn, R.E., Hildebrandt, H.W., Rogers, P.S., & Thompson, M.P. (1991). A competing values framework for analyzing presentational communication in management contexts.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),28(3), 213-232.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Sabella, A.R., Farraj, W.A., Burbar, M., & Qaimary, D. (2014). Entrepreneurship and economic growth in West Bank, Palestine.Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship,19(01), 1450003.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Saberi, M., & Hamdan, A. (2019). The moderating role of governmental support in the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth.Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 200-216.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Sanner, B., & Bunderson, J.S. (2018). The truth about hierarchy.MIT Sloan Management Review,59(2), 49-52.

Santti, U., Eskelinen, T., Rajahonka, M., Villman, K., & Happonen, A. (2017). Effects of business model development projects on organizational culture: A multiple case study of SMEs.Technology Innovation Management Review,7(8).

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Shaiq, H.M.A., Khalid, H.M.S., Akram, A., & Ali, B. (2011). Why not everybody loves Hofstede? What are the alternative approaches to study of culture.European Journal of Business and Management,3(6), 101-111.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Stevenson, H.H., & Jarillo-Mossi, J.C. (1991). A new entrepreneurial paradigm. Socioeconomics: Toward a New Synthesis, pp.185-208.

Google Scholar

Srivastva, S., & Fry, R.E. (1992).Executive and organizational continuity: Managing the paradoxes of stability and change. Jossey-Bass.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

Tasmin, R. (2020). The Relationship Between Knowledge Management, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Performance.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., & Audretsch, D. (2019). Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what has been learned?Small Business Economics,53(1), 21-49.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Van Huy, N., Thu, N.T.H., Anh, N.L.T., Au, N.T.H., Cham, N.T., & Minh, P.D. (2020). The validation of organisational culture assessment instrument in healthcare setting: results from a cross-sectional study in Vietnam.BMC public health,20(1), 1-8.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Wagner, C., Mannion, R., Hammer, A., Groene, O., Arah, O.A., Dersarkissian, M., & DUQuE. (2014). The associations between organizational culture, organizational structure and quality management in European hospitals.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,26(1),74-80.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Walker, E., & Brown, A. (2004). What success factors are important to small business? owners?International small business journal,22(6), 577-594.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Yesil, S., & Kaya, A. (2013). The effect of organizational culture on firm financial performance: Evidence from a developing country.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,81, 428-437.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Yu, T., & Wu, N. (2009). A review of study on the competing values framework.International journal of business and management,4(7), 37-42.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Yusoff, T., Wahab, S.A., Latiff, A.S., Osman, S.I., Zawawi, N.F., & Fazal, S.A. (2018). Sustainable Growth in SMEs: A Review from the Malaysian Perspective.J. Mgmt. & Sustainability,8, 43.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Zhang, Z., & Zhu, X. (2012). Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance. In2012 National Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science. Atlantis Press.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

Received: 15-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. IJE-22-11524; Editor assigned: 16-Mar-2022, PreQC No. IJE-22-11524 (PQ); Reviewed: 30-Mar-2022, QC No. IJE-22-11524; Revised: 04-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. IJE-22-11524 (R); Published: 11-Apr-2022