Research Article: 2021 Vol: 27 Issue: 5S
Monqid Ibrahim Saleh, Tikrit University
Anas Dheyab Salim, College of Administration and Economy/Tikrit University
Osama Abdulsalam Jothr, Al-Mustansiriyah University
Saad Salih ISSA, College of Administration & Economic, Tikrit University
Globalization, Unemployment, Social and Economic Situation.
The research is an attempt to shed light on the economic, social and political effects of unemployment in Iraq in general and Salah al-Din Governorate in particular during the period (2000 - 2012), and the reasons for the most important and most dangerous outbreak of the Iraqi economy, which is the phenomenon of unemployment that the Iraqi economy suffers from and which has adversely affected rates Economic growth has a record of few instances of poverty and low standards of living for the population, and has had economic and social repercussions, and ways to address them and determine the economic and social consequences that arise from them and the development of solutions and proposals I needed her. The research dealt with a definition of the problem of unemployment and globalization, then analyzed the trends of the level of unemployment in Iraq and its economic and social effects with a special reference to Salah al-Din Governorate, where it became clear that unemployment in Salah al-Din amounted to 19,80% among males in the year 2008 after it was 20,90% in The year 2006, while the unemployment rate among females was 10,86% in the year 2008 after it was 10.09% in the year 2006, and the overall rate was 18.36% and 18.01% and 22% for the years 2006 and 2008 and 2016, respectively, and this does not mean that Salah Al-Din is better than other Iraqi provinces, but rather that the situation is almost comprehensive and general for all of the provinces of Iraq. Finally, the authors reached a number of conclusions and recommendations that, if applied, would lead to a partial treatment of the unemployment phenomenon.
The Systematic Framework
Unemployment is one of the most serious and biggest problems that threaten the stability of nations and peoples, and its specificity varies from one country to another, so unemployment is the main cause of poverty, deviation and political instability, as it poses a challenge to economic growth, economic development, social development and sustainable human development, and unemployment is a global problem and not a problem for the underdeveloped or developing country. Or developed, and Iraq as a developing country producing and exporting oil, the public sector was the engine of economic growth and it is the one that provides job opportunities and he who provides social services, and these policies have led to a situation in which the population depends on (a state Care) in their life and guidance since the seventies of the last century, but the political and economic conditions experienced by Iraq during the period (1980 - 2003 - 2010) contributed greatly to the emergence of unemployment as a growing phenomenon that had economic and social repercussions and may have more serious political repercussions.
Research Importance
The importance of the research is evident from the fact that it is an attempt to shed light on the prevalence of unemployment and its economic, social and political repercussions in Iraq in general during the period (2000 - 2016) and Salah al-Din Governorate in particular.
Research Objective
The research aims to shed light on the causes of the most important and most serious outbreak of the Iraqi economy, which is the phenomenon of unemployment in Iraq in general and Salah al-Din Governorate in particular, and ways to address it, and to determine the economic and social consequences of the spread of this phenomenon and to develop the necessary solutions and proposals for it.
Research Structure
In order to prove the research hypothesis and achieve its objectives, the research included the following axes:
The first axis: the methodological framework.
The second axis: the theoretical framework for the problem of unemployment and globalization.
The third axis: an analysis of trends in the level of unemployment, the impact of globalization in Iraq, and its economic and social impacts, with particular reference to Salah al-Din Governorate.
The fourth axis: conclusions and proposals.
Theoretical Framework for the Problem of Unemployment
The concept of unemployment: Unemployment is one of the most serious and biggest problems that threaten the stability of nations and nations, with varying degree and severity from one country to another and from one society to another, as they constitute the main cause of most social diseases and a clear threat to political and social stability.
Unemployment is defined as the condition of an individual who is currently unemployed and who is searching for active work for a period of time agreed upon by the applicant and the employer,
The French scientist (Lacoste) notes that unemployment means the presence of a group of unemployed or unproductive men that is characteristic of underdeveloped countries (Lacoste, 1967).
According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, "the unemployed is that individual who is over a certain age without work and is able to work and is willing and looking for it at a prevailing wage level but he does not find it." (ESCWA, 2000).
We can define cases in which individuals cannot be considered completely or completely unemployed as: (discouraged workers or those who are in actual unemployment who wish to work but have not obtained it and abandoned the search for it, and they are a large number in periods Periodic depression, individuals who work less than full-time work without their will despite their ability to work full-time, children, patients, the elderly, the elderly and those retired, students, and those who are in the process of developing their skills, the affluent who are not looking for work, and people working for certain wages and They are always on the lookout for other better jobs). Accordingly, not everyone who does not work is unemployed, and at the same time not everyone who searches for work is considered to be in the circle of the unemployed. (Amr, 1972).
There is a difference between economists regarding access to a specific concept of unemployment, as there are multiple definitions of it. Some economists see that unemployment is the situation that applies to people who are able to work and not work, but they are seriously looking for a job opportunity, and others see that unemployment represents a power imbalance The work available in a specific society and among those available job opportunities that result in part of the workforce not working entirely or partially, despite its ability to work and its desire for it, and this is all due to the restrictions imposed by the limits of absorptive capacity and its ability in the national economy (Arab Planning Institute, 2000).
Definition of Globalization
A phenomenon governed by common global foundations and managed by global institutions and companies with influence in local economies, and it is subject to the Group of Seven major nations led by the United States of America that sets its policy implemented by the three major international institutions the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the World Trade Organization (leader, 2004).
There are two definitions of globalization that are linked to two systematic approaches and represent the outlines of all other definitions:
1) The job definition and focuses on describing the manifestations, appearances and accomplishments, such as technological progress, the information and communications revolution, the power and mobility of multinational companies and transformations to create a single global market that guarantees the freedom of movement of capital, goods and services, and manpower, and this definition reflects the victory of Western capitalism and the transformation of the world To a global village and it has an invitation to the societies that want to integrate in this world to reconsider their reality to adapt to the requirements of this integration in this global market, which is the strategic goal of globalization. (Elbaz, 2004, 5).
2) The structural definition of globalization, in addition to the manifestations of globalization, its manifestations, and achievements, analyses its structure and knowledge of its mechanisms, and the logic of its historical development is considered a historical dialectical process, and represents an advanced stage of human progress. The president is the multinational corporation. In this context, globalization creates a global division of labour characterized by inequality (Abu Zaid, 2005).
Explicit unemployment takes the following forms: (Zaki, 1997)
1) Compulsory Unemployment: This is the situation in which a worker is forced to work, that is, without his or her will or choice, and it occurs through forced layoffs or expulsion from work. Individuals are able, willing and looking for work and do not find job opportunities available to them under prevailing wages. Compulsory unemployment may occur when new entrants to the labor market do not find employment opportunities despite their serious search for it, their ability to do so, and their acceptance of the prevailing wage level.
2) Underemployment: This type is the most common among the types of unemployment, a condition that accumulates a large number of workers in a way that exceeds the actual need for work, which means that there is surplus labor, which does not produce almost anything. This type of unemployment increases in developing countries and is generally characterized by an abundance of the work element, while job opportunities Specific due to the narrow fields of production, and the phenomenon of persuasive unemployment is one of the most difficult types to deal with and that its treatment needs to create new job opportunities by creating productive jobs by changing the structure of the national economy and diversifying its structure (Zaki, 1997).
The accumulation of millions of the adult population of the unemployed men and women on the street pavements in working hours represents "convincing unemployment" in order to increase them from the actual need or demand in both the countryside and the city, and underemployment arises when the production of the individual is less than his capabilities, especially when the educational system produces skills It is not required in the labor market, or when the economy is experiencing a contraction or a decrease in labor demand, or when the economy adopts an approach of growth based on capital intensity. (Hassan, 1979).
Unemployment and globalization: Globalization is linked to the phenomenon of unemployment through the growing loss of jobs in sectors (other than Competitive) and creating jobs in (competitive sectors) unable to compensate for the lost jobs, meaning that what jobs were lost are not commensurate with the jobs created in other sectors and the gap widens, and studies show that globalization is associated with an important phenomenon that It is the loss of jobs in the formal sectors that are protected, as well as the replacement of permanent employment with temporary or seasonal ones, which results in a high rate of unemployment. Likewise, if wages are inflexible in the labor market, the decrease in the demand for unskilled labor as a result of technological changes biased towards skilled labor results in a high rate of unemployment among the unskilled labor category which is most affected by globalization http://www.hewarat.com/form / shwpostphp 2 = 1928).
Unemployment is a Global Phenomenon within the Mechanisms of Globalization
Unemployment is a global phenomenon with the agreement of most scholars and all countries of the world suffer from it, but in varying proportions, including Arab countries in general and Iraq in particular. This phenomenon is due to many reasons, including insufficient production elements that complement the elements of work in the production process such as land, capital, management, and organization to provide productive job opportunities Human capacity in excess of work, and the absence of alternative employment opportunities outside the agricultural sector, especially for the industrial sector, which replaced automated work for manual work in addition to the commercial sector's need for scarce capital, limited Arab production sectors and slow Moha undermining their ability to absorb surplus labor, which will be forced to resort to the agricultural sector or some service activities with the scarcity of labor and inefficiency.
In addition to this reliance on immigration as a source of employment, and the view of contempt and transcendence of workers in the agricultural sector, which forced farmers, especially young people, to leave work on land and migrate to the city in search of work and the inability of budgets to transform agricultural land reclamation projects, and the rule of some values and social traditions that affect the breadth of the phenomenon Unemployment, especially in wealthy and aristocratic societies that despise work and the effects of wars, the prevalence of the seasonal unemployment phenomenon, the lack of proportionality of education plans and outputs with employment opportunities, economic crises, and much more, which reinforced the exacerbation of the unemployment problem in the world. A nation and the Arab world in particular.
The unemployment problem at the present time is one of the main problems facing most countries of the Arab world with different levels of progress and their economic, social and political systems. Perhaps the worst and most prominent characteristic of the economic crisis that exists in Arab and developing countries alike is the aggravation of the unemployment problem, i.e. the steady continuous increase in the number of individuals able On the job and those who want it and those looking for it without finding it, and Figure (1) shows the distribution of unemployment in Countries of the world and their relative importance, as it turns out that the size of unemployment in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa reached the highest rate in the world for the year 2006 CE, when it reached approximately 12%, while the lowest rate was in East Asian countries for the same year, when it reached 4%, while it was The unemployment rate in the developed countries is around 6% for the same year and is the closest to the global average, as these rates did not change much from the estimates for the years 1996 and 2000 according to the previous figure, which shows the large unemployment problem and the inability of national plans to solve an effective and immediate solution to the problem and requires a global campaign to put Solutions to this global phenomenon, which has become increasingly alarming Number of economic and social infrastructure of the countries of the whole world and developing countries, including Arab, in particular.
According to a report of the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2010, “The unemployment rate in the Arab countries reached about 15%, and that the number of unemployed people could reach 80 million in 2013.” As for the Council of Economic Unity of the League of Arab States, it was estimated in a report in 2010 that The unemployment rate in the Arab countries is between 15 and 20% for the year 2008. Unemployment rates in Arab countries in Asia differ from Arab countries in Africa, where the unemployment rate reached 16.1% in Arab countries in Africa, compared to 13.8% in Arab countries in Asia for the year 2009. Unemployment rates also showed a marked difference between the Arab countries. As it reached 1.7% in the State of Kuwait, and Iraq 29% it reached 50% in Djibouti and 7.5% in the Sultanate of Oman for the same year, while the unemployment rate in some Arab countries in Africa such as Libya increased to 10%, Egypt 10.7%, and Tunisia 14.2% for the year in question.
According to the expectations of the Arab Labor Organization, unemployment rates in the Arab world "increased by 2 percent, ranging between 19 and 20 million unemployed, especally in the Arab Spring countries, and by up to 16-17% instead of 14% in 2011, which shows an increase Unemployment rates in the Arab world in general are increasing in the Arab Spring countries in particular.
According to the statistics of the World Bank and the International Labor Organization, the Arab region will be required to provide between 80 million to 100 million jobs by the year 2020, and according to statistics of the Arab Labor Organization, the proportion of young people currently represents 53% of the total population of the Arab region, a wealth that must be exploited in the process of Economic development and providing the necessary job opportunities. (Consolidated Arab Economic Report, 2007, 28), (Session of the Strategic Forum, 2007, 5), (ESCWA, 2000-2001, 36).
Analysis of Trends in the Level of Unemployment in Iraq and its Economic and Social Effects, with Reference to its Reality in Salah al-Din Governorate
The phenomenon of unemployment reflects the poor social and economic relations, as another aspect of the poor distribution of income and wealth and the poor distribution or division of social work, at the local and national levels, and at the global level between rich and poor countries, and therefore it is clear to us also that unemployment, oppression and deprivation that constitute economic and social scourges And moral together, is not a natural result of historical, scientific and technical progress, as conservative thought claims to defend the interests and privileges gained against the logic of science and history, but rather it is the result of corruption, injustice, and fundamental imbalance in the social and economic system prevailing today in Globalization remained at all levels, international, regional and local, in addition to intellectual deviations and the spread of a sense of hatred and hatred towards the classes that live in Habbah and consequently lead to unemployment as another aspect of the social and economic relations and poor income distribution. (Al-Asadi, 1999). What helps in the state of extreme frustration and the increase in the situation of the so-called social fragmentation, permanent and temporary unemployment from work and the accompanying social problems, economic pressures and a state of self-confidence, especially among young people with medium and university degrees, which leads them to think seriously about retaliation against the society that He refuses to give them the opportunity to live a decent life, improve their social conditions, achieve their selves and embody their aspirations through their entrenchment in work, and this motivation also leads them to think seriously about immigration to other societies. (Al-Asadi, 1999)
And the best evidence for what was stated in Islamic law is the aphorism of the great companions of Salman Al-Farisi (may God be pleased with him), as he says: “If the soul attains its power, it will be stabilized” (Al-Bawab, 1997). The family has psychological and social pressures resulting from the state of poverty experienced by his family, leading to turmoil and deviation as a result of the state's inability to provide decent living for them and those who support them by providing job opportunities. In addition to the society's loss of some social controls and the absence of the law that preserves stability in the society, the latest kind of violence between its members due to the absence of the role of government institutions for a while and especially for their security apparatus as a result of the destruction and chaos they have suffered as a result of war and occupation.
And a number of workers can deviate to satisfy their needs and members of their families, in addition to that the persistence of unemployment at this current level contributes to a high degree in stimulating and increasing social problems, loss and lack of clear vision for a better future. Obtaining a job opportunity and a suitable wage for a decent life plays its direct role in changing the attitude of man, especially young people, towards the state and society and from the terrorist operations taking place in the country.
The next danger is the unemployment problem in Iraq, whose levels are unparalleled in the rest of the Arab world and the world, and it portends a great danger because it is a major reason for many of the problems that society suffers from which we have referred to, so a national strategy must be taken to address the problem before its exacerbation. And Table (1) shows the true size of the unemployment phenomenon in Iraq for selected years:
| Table 1 The True Size of the Unemployment Phenomenon in Iraq for Selected Years |
||
|---|---|---|
| Years | Age Unemployment Rate (15-24)% | Unemployment Rate 25 Years and Over% |
| 2003 | 30 | 16 |
| 2004 | 35 | 19 |
| 2005 | 40 | 31 |
| 2006 | 45 | 31 |
| 2007 | 50 | 35 |
| 2008 | 29 | 25 |
| 2009 | 28 | 24 |
| 2010 | 27 | 24 |
| 2011 | 26 | 23 |
| 2012 | 25 | 24 |
| 2013 | 27 | 25 |
| 2014 | 28 | 22 |
| 2015 | 30 | 23 |
| 2016 | 31 | 22 |
Agency for Statistics and Information Technology, "Annual Statistical Group for the Years 2005-2016" Population and Manpower Statistics, Baghdad.
The results of the employment and unemployment survey summarized in Table 1 indicate that the unemployment rate among the population aged 25 years and over in Iraq and for both sexes has reached (16%) in 2003 and increased to 25% in 2008, to decrease slightly to 24% in 2010, while it was higher A rate for him in 2007 when he reached 35%, while the unemployment rate for the age group (15-24) was around 30% in 2003, and the highest rate was in 2007, when it reached 50% due to the difficult conditions that Iraq experienced in security, social and economic terms, and decreased to 29% in 2008 and then to 27% in 2010 and then it reached 22% in 2016 after liberating the provinces that suffered from the domination of terrorism in 2014 and beyond due to the relative security stability.
The phenomenon of unemployment in Iraq is a problem with economic and social dimensions expressing clearly the deficit in economic structures and a social imbalance at the national level where unemployment is a social scourge that impairs human capabilities and opportunities for growth and economic well-being, and the problem of unemployment in the Iraqi economy is one of the complex problems where the causes of this problem overlap And its implications between economics, politics and society at the same time.
First: The Reasons for the High Unemployment Rates in Iraq
There are many reasons that exacerbated the numbers of the unemployed and the high unemployment rates in Iraq, including the following: (Hassan, 2005) (http://www.ahewar.org)
1) The failure of development programs to take care of the social aspect in an appropriate manner and the decline in economic performance, the ability of laws that stimulate investment to generate employment opportunities sufficiently, and the role of the state in finding employment opportunities in state institutions and public facilities.
2) The wars Iraq fought over the past three decades and the economic blockade that followed, and the level of production and development to a low.
3) Destruction, looting and burning of state institutions and public money, and the consequent acts of sabotage, a complete cessation of production, and a significant decrease in oil exports and taxes.
4) The dissolution of the army, the Internal Security Forces, the various security agencies, and the Ministry of Information by the coalition forces contributed to the increase in the number of unemployed, as the number of these people reached nearly one million.
5) The deterioration of social and civil conditions in Iraq after the invasion, as evidenced by the number of the displaced population, who numbered more than (4) million citizens.
6) The quota system (based on the criteria for affiliation), which is currently used in the state apparatus, has a negative impact on the work force and has exacerbated the unemployment crisis and increased the number of unemployed.
7) The Iraqi economy suffers from structural imbalances as it is the closest thing to the service economy (if we exclude the oil sector), because the service sector’s contribution to the gross domestic product reaches about (22%), while the contribution of the industrial sector to the GDP is approximately (1.5%) only, and that the contribution of the agricultural sector does not exceed the ratio of (6.5%), knowing that the contribution of the oil sector to the gross domestic product reaches (70%), which is a sector that does not contribute to the components of operating the Iraqi labor force except at a low rate that does not exceed in the best case (2%) of them, which means that (98%) of the workforce is found in sectors that do not exceed their contribution to NAT C Domestic gross (30%).
8) The prevalence of the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption in some state institutions, as it is on the one hand working to lose opportunities for development and thus reduce job opportunities.
Population, employment and unemployment indicators in Salah al-Din Governorate: Salah al-Din Governorate is located about halfway between the capital, Baghdad, Nineveh Governorate, and in the central region of Iraq within the coordinates of N 43 35E 34 45 43 58327 34, and its population is around (1,600,000) one million and six hundred thousand people according to the estimates of the Ministry of Planning for the year 2010 After it was 1042000 million and forty two thousand people in 2003 AD, and its population represents the colors of the Iraqi spectrum of all nationalities and denominations, followed by eight eight districts) The districts are: Al-Sharqat, Baiji, Tikrit, Al-Dor, Samarra, Balad, Dujail and Tuz, with a number of The areas are: Al-Elm, Al-Dhuluiya, Yathrib, Al-Ishaqi, Amerli, Suleiman Beg, Tigris, Al-Mu'tasim, Al-Sa Yeniyeh), while its area reached 24,363 twenty four thousand three hundred and sixty square kilometers, and its centre is the city of Tikrit, and it became a governorate in the seventies of the last century, and it is located on the Tigris River, and it is linked to a network of roads and transportation with all regions and governorates of Iraq and thus its strategic location and importance Special geographical, economic, social and political.
To show the size of the unemployment phenomenon in Salah al-Din compared to the rest of the Iraqi provinces, the following Table 2 can be found:
| Table 2 Unemployment Rate in Some Cities S of the Country for the Years 2006 and 2008 (%) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| city | Male | Female | Total | |||
| 2006 | 2008 | 2006 | 2008 | 2006 | 2008 | |
| Nineveh | 25,01 | 21,31 | 40,08 | 27,69 | 27,48 | 21,91 |
| Kirkuk | 06,43 | 12,27 | 12,29 | 14,50 | 07,90 | 12,36 |
| Diyala | 17,64 | 13,72 | 24,17 | 02,12 | 18,47 | 14,62 |
| Slah al Deen | 20,90 | 19,80 | 10,09 | 10,86 | 18,36 | 18,01 |
| Baghdad | 14,82 | 10,18 | 19,61 | 17,14 | 15,74 | 11,77 |
| Karbala | 17,14 | 11,56 | 26,91 | 28,93 | 18,53 | 14,20 |
| Najaf | 15,82 | 13,24 | 32,97 | 22,77 | 18,90 | 14,48 |
| Dhi Qar | 24,47 | 28,22 | 44,42 | 46,93 | 27,82 | 30,81 |
| Wasit | 07,26 | 12,46 | 13,66 | 13,51 | 08,82 | 12,71 |
From Table (2) it is clear that unemployment in Salah al-Din amounted to 19,80% among males in 2008 after it was 20,90% in 2006, i.e. a slight decrease, while the unemployment rate among females reached 10.86% in 2008 after having It was 10.09% in 2006, and the overall rate was 18.36% and 18.01% for the years 2006 and 2008, respectively, and compared to the other governorates, we see that Salahuddin was better off than Nineveh and Dhi Qar, while the governorates of Kirkuk, Diyala and Baghdad Karbala, Najaf, and Wasit were better than Salah al-Din in the same period, perhaps because of improved job opportunities there.
Through tracking the statistics of the Ministry of Planning, it is clear that the percentage of the economically active population in Salah al-Din reached in 2008 12.12% at the age of (15-19) years of the total population of the governorate, which is an acceptable percentage, while the rate of underemployment due to the lack of working hours between The population of the Governorate aged 15 years and over is 28.25% for the year 2008.
This simple recovery and the decline in unemployment rates can be attributed to the absorption of the security services and the army of most of the unemployed in the province with a relative security stability in it and the development of the social protection network system and the return of political separated persons, although they do not constitute radical solutions but rather increased the form of underemployment and led To flabby state agencies.
The problem of unemployment in Salah al-Din cannot be separated from the problem in all parts of Iraq. Therefore, the solutions, proposals and measures that can be taken by the central government will withdraw to all governorates of the country and address the problem in a holistic manner and not fragmented.
Table (3) shows the development budget for the provinces in Salah al-Din Governorate for the period 2007-2010 and the amounts actually disbursed from them and their ratio to the total amounts, and for the purpose of showing the effect of the disbursements on the decline in the unemployment rate and reducing the severity of the phenomenon:
| Table 3 Provincial Development Budget for Slah Al Deen Governorate for the Years 2007-2010 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Territories Budget (Million Dinars) | The Expense from the Budget (Million Dinars) | The Ratio of the Expense to the total Budget | Total unemployment Rate |
| 2007 | 117000 | 39573 | 33.82 | 18.0 |
| 2008 | 175829 | 133969 | 76.20 | 18.1 |
| 2009 | 114750 | 80619 | 70.26 | 18.2 |
| 2010 | 188031 | 177325 | 94.31 | 18.1 |
From Table (3) above, it is evident that the effect of the amount of money spent on maintaining the overall unemployment rate in Salah al-Din has increased, as the percentage did not rise except in a simple and imperceptible manner from 18% in 2007 to 18.1% in 2008, despite the high amounts spent from 39 5 billion dinars in 2007 to 133.9 billion dollars in 2008, at the same time, the significant increase in the amount spent in 2010 AD from the budget, which has become around 177.3 billion dinars, did not affect the unemployment rate and did not lead to a significant increase in the number of workers Or the entrants to will work where the percentage did not exceed 18.1% at best, which means that proper scientific planning is completely missing in this The province, in addition to the effects of widespread economic and political corruption in Iraq in general and in Salah al-Din in particular, which greatly affected the already modest development plans in which it was hoped to be saved.
It is clear from the foregoing that the unemployment phenomenon constitutes one of the most important challenges facing Iraq due to its abnormally high rate and associated with the same degree of importance the repercussions and negative effects resulting from it on society. That the issue of not providing jobs for the increasing number of the unemployed has had its negative effects and repercussions on Iraqi society, especially on young people, as it led some of them to adopt negative behavior that harms society, such as terrorism, violence and cruelty, even inside the home, as previous Iraqi governments did not pay the attention to the problem of unemployment To live up to.
The government did not strive to find any radical solution to this socio-economic problem, which is witnessing an increase in the number of unemployed, which made the problem and its effects result from a cumulative situation, the economy weakened and the role of the private sector diminished and the level of education and technical vocational learning in particular and the deterioration of its quality and quantity represent unemployment Especially among the learners a challenge with the increase in the percentage of the young age group and the increase in the number of graduates year after year due to the lack of suitable job opportunities as a result of the lack of compatibility between educational institutions and the needs of the labor market, as well as the weak contribution of women in the economy and high unemployment rates between Women, and among the factors that negatively affect the ways to address the problem of unemployment, are the negative effects and repercussions resulting from it.
1) The Iraqi economy suffers from significant unemployment, whether compulsory or voluntary, among the economically active population, especially young people, and the percentage has reached record high levels if compared to global and Arab rates.
2) Unemployment is a global phenomenon closely related to the mechanisms of globalization through the growing loss of jobs in various sectors that are not competitive and creating jobs in competitive sectors that are unable to compensate for the lost jobs, thus unemployment is the most prominent manifestation of the global and Arab economic crisis and is constantly increasing.
3) The unemployment rates in the Arab world are the worst and highest in the world. They are a very dangerous indicator, including unemployment in Iraq, where it exceeded the barrier of 14% of the population and reached the limits of 15-20% in 2010 AD, and 25% among Arab youth.
Suggestions
1) The unemployment problem must be given the highest priority by the new governments and the need to join efforts in creating more jobs to reduce high unemployment as creating more jobs will have an impact in improving the security situation.
2) The unemployment problem requires a multi-dimensional and long-term strategic program to build strategic policies and plans linking inclusive development and employment. As the issue of unemployment and the restructuring of labor markets constitute the most important challenges facing the efforts made by the government, especially with regard to economic and social development plans