Keywords

Real Exchange Rate, Inflation Rate, GDP Growth Rate, Interest Rate, Real GDP, Stability.

Introduction

In economics, an exchange rate is the rate at which one notes will be substituted for another. It is furthermore observed as the worth of one nation’s currency in next of kin to another currency. The real exchange rate is a rate which dealings how loads of times an item of goods gaining locally; can be purchased from out of the country. It specified the ratio of objects are purchased in the domestic market with the items are purchased in the foreign market. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of real exchange rate changes on relative price, Inflation rate, GDP growth rate, Interest Rate and Real GDP or Income level in Bangladesh during 1976-2018 by applying the Johansen Long run Co integration technique.

Literature Review

Chowdhury et al. (2014) studied a discrepancy in the empirical calculations of the exchange rate regime alternative. The piece defines a set of variables that helped to clarify the preference of exchange rate in Bangladesh for the period 1990-2011 with employing a time series analysis that elucidates interest rate; GDP growth rate; inflation rate and current account balance have affirmative relation with exchange rate. Hossain & Ahmed (2009) studied that explores exchange rate policies of Bangladesh under a floating rate regime in a widespread mode. The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate both ware considering in this examination with a recommendation that real exchange rate of euro should be alleviated. Hassan et al. (2016) stumble on convincing proof of the loss of aggressiveness of exports due to the real effective exchange rate admiration has been recognized in Bangladesh. Nevertheless, remaining nominal exchange rates runs and approval of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) for the declared era pointed out that Bangladesh looks upper inflation than its trading colleague countries. Uddin et al. (2013) stated that an exchange rate activity considerably depends upon the macro rudiments of the particular countries. This study also indicates that the nominal exchange rate is influenced by the rise in the relative debt is another important source. Upholding mediumto- long time flexibility and short-term constancy should be the common purpose of exchange rate determination strategies in Bangladesh. Islam & Hossain (2014) examines the connection between the exchange rate, GDP growth rate and exports in Bangladesh for the period 1981 to 2013 with the conclusion of the positive relationship. They suggested the strategy makers should also prolong to get on prolific behaviors that will boost Bangladesh’s exports more than imports. Akther et al. (2013) considered that demand alarms particularly created from exterior area are accountable for pointed depreciation of BDT exchange rate throughout the two periods. As per econometric scrutiny supply shocks are also significant for exchange rate variation. Williams et al. (2016) reveals that the inflation rate of Bangladesh is relatively higher than the People’s Republic of China and also comparatively higher than the inflation rate in India until 2009. Independent Review of Bangladesh’s Development (2018) studied that the Central Bank should now focus on bringing stability to the exchange rate market. This may deplete the foreign exchange reserve in the coming months. Such steps will also help to contain money supply in the domestic market. Bhattarcharjee (2015) specifies that there are equally exterior and internal issues that affect inflation in small, open developing economies aand work on inflation is still developing. These lessons also will set the point for more quantitative research on inflation in little developing economies. Sultana & Uddin (2013) indicates inflation reasons by alters on the supply side of the market would linger mostly unaffected by the policies suggested by the IMF and assumed by the Bangladesh Bank. This Study also suggested that the government should obtain demanding possible strict events according to the inflation position of Bangladesh under the deliberation of the worldwide.

Objectives

The intention of this study is to hit upon the followings:

1. The relationship between Real Exchange rate, Interest rate, Inflation rate and Real GDP.

2. The effect of Interest rate, Inflation rate and Real GDP on Real Exchange rate in Bangladesh Economy with the reference to 1976-2017.

Methodology

This investigate is expressive in nature and the statistics is quantitative in nature. Only the minor data were employed. Secondary data were gathered from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, World Development indicators report, World Bank indicators report, Bangladesh Bank annual report, Bangladesh economy in FY 2017-2018 and websites. The study period was 1976 to 2017. All relevant information was quoted in perpetual term. The study proposed a model to measure the Real Exchange rate, Inflation rate and Real GDP percent pressure in Bangladesh economy.

Theory and Model

r_t =α+β₀+β₁int_t+β2inf_t+β3GDP_t+?_t (1)

In this model r_t is representing the real exchange rate, int_t is interest rate, inf_t is inflation rate, and GDP_t is Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

For examining the short run dynamic in relationship among real exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate and gross domestic product, an ECM model has been developed.

Δlnr= α₀+ α₁Δlnint_t-I + α₂lninf_t-I +lnGDP_t-I +Δlnr_t-I + α₂U_t-I + ?_t

Where,

U_t-I=lnr2_t- β₀- β₁lnint_t- β₁inf₁- β₁GDP_t (2)

Where, α₄U_t-1 express the error modification term, it is the residual from the cointegrating equation, α₃ indicated the error amendment co-efficient and α_i are the projected short term co-efficient. If the real exchange rate rises (under devaluation of currency) then the growth of the economy is quite evident.

Results

The descriptive statistic result showing that real exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rate and gross domestic product are asymmetrically distributed. Table 1 also shows positive Kurtosis meaning that all variables’ distribution is peaked in this paper.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
	RER	INT	INF	GDP
Mean	47.046	6.06	8.256	4.995
Median	42.84	5.776	8.205	5.1
Maximum	82.7	34.75	25	7.28
Minimum	15.02	-11.68	1	0.82
Std. Dev.	21.864	6.891	4.476	1.516
Skewness	0.1	1.16	1.309	-0.55
Kurtosis	1.713	9.325	6.188	2.973
Jarque-Bera	2.968	79.454	29.795	2.121
Probability	0.226	0	0	0.346
Sum	1975.97	254.533	346.779	209.8
Sum Sq. Dev.	19600.2	1947.06	821.739	94.239
Observations	42	42	42	42

From Table 2 Augmented Dikky Fuller (ADF) unit root test, it can be said that all these macroeconomic variables are stationary.

Table 2: Augmented Dikky Fuller Test (ADF) Unit Root Test
Variable	C (constant) and T (trend) in the equation	ADF statistics	Optimum lag
RER	C and T	0.2191	0
INF	C and T	-2.6450	2
INT	C and T	-6.2948	0
GDP	C and T	-5.1620	0

By testing Johansen Test (Table 3) for co-integrating it has been estimated that at least there has 1 co integrating equation in this model, trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistics also support this co-integrating equation.

Table 3: Johansen Test For Co-Integration
Hypothesized no. of CE(s)	Trace statistic	0.05 critical value	Eigen value	Hypothesized no. of CE(s)	Max-Eigen statistics	0.05 Critical value
None*	63.380	47.856	0.557	None*	32.571	27.584
At most 1	34.808	29.797	0.503	At most 1	27.997	21.131
At most 2	6.810	15.494	0.155	At most 2	6.726	14.264
At most 3	0.084	3.841	0.002	At most 3	0.084	3.841

From the Table 4 it can be said that there exist negative relationship among real exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate and gross domestic product. Here is the retrieved co-integration equation.

Table 4: Corresponding Adjustment Coefficients And Normalized Co-Integrating Vectors
Variable	β coefficients	α Coefficients	Standard error	t-value
RER	1.000	-2.055	.	.
INT	-1.494074	0.63441	0.46454	-1.187139
INF	-0.240334	0.89869	0.03905	0.014619
GDP	-20.97145	2.09857	1.97101	-20.80922
Constant	-336.6601	.	.	.

r_t=1.00-1.494 int_t-0.240 inf_t-20.971GDP_t-336.66?_t (3)

From Table 5, it is very clear that the relationship among all those macroeconomic variables were not stable during 1976-2017. From R-squared value it is worth of saying that the data sets is relatively good for this work. Here real exchange can be explained properly because F-Statistic is robust enough at 5% significant level (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 5: Error Correction Representations
Variable	Coefficient	Standard error	t-value
Constant	2.234194	0.47524	4.70124
D (RER (-1))	0.071307	0.17181	0.41502
D (RER (-2))	-0.36684	0.16393	-2.23773
D (INT (-1))	0.154652	0.08202	1.88563
D (INT (-2))	0.086830	0.05388	1.61161
D (INF (-1))	0.221646	0.15568	1.42376
D (INF (-2))	0.009421	0.10016	0.09407
D (GDP (-1))	0.460071	0.25479	1.80569
D (GDP (-2))	0.350432	0.24071	1.45582
	D (RER)	D (INT)	D (INF)	D (GDP)
R-squared	0.302613	0.436741	0.671026	0.745258
Adj. R-squared	0.086183	0.261937	0.568931	0.666200
Sum sq. resids	104.6820	443.2848	139.5461	32.02753
S.E. equation	1.899928	3.909691	2.193612	1.050903
F-statistic	1.398202	2.498455	6.572554	9.426722
Log likelihood	-74.59224	-102.7363	-80.19785	-51.4978
Akaike AIC	4.338063	5.781348	4.625531	3.153732
Schwarz SC	4.764618	6.207903	5.052085	3.580286
Mean dependent	1.735385	0.378179	-0.499436	0.005385
S.D. dependent	1.987502	4.550882	3.341078	1.818944

Discussion

In Bangladesh economy during the study period 1976-2017 Real exchange didn’t hold. The findings of this paper shows that still there have long run relationship among real exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate and real gross domestic product. From Equation 3 it has found that the real exchange rate influenced by interest rate, inflation rate and real GDP. Equation 3 shows that if interest rate, inflation rate and real GDP go down then at a time real exchange goes down. In Bangladesh during the study period 1976-2017 the model of this paper was instable according to CUSUM, CUSUMQ Statistics and ECM (Chowdhury et al., 2014).

Conclusions And Policy Recommendations

This paper fully focused on determined and stability of Real exchange rate in Bangladesh during the year of 1976-2017. This study shows some new findings which can improve Bangladesh overall economic policy. From this study it can say that now government should focused to keep interest rate in moderate level for economic growth. On the other hand economic policy maker to keep inflation in stable level because if inflation goes down or goes up certainly then it would be create a big problem in short run also in long run. So we are highly hopeful that government of Bangladesh and Economic policy maker will give high concentrate in their new economic policy.

References

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