Introduction

The Kingdom of Bahrain has developed a future project with an economic vision that would carry the Kingdom from a regional pioneer into a global contender. Hence, Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 has emerged to change the current economic model and build a strong economy based on global competitiveness. It certainly can never achieve this target without providing the necessary guarantees such as combating and preventing financial and administrative corruption crimes through administering effecting measures as indicated in the Vision to reinforce penal protection of public funds and strengthen people's trust in the public sector. The Kingdom developed a national strategy against corruption to coordinate efforts that strengthen transparency and integrity. The strategy involves the entire society and opens societal communication channels to raise public awareness against corruption and to protect public funds to create a safe environment that supports the drive towards comprehensive development. Above and beyond, the subject of this study is to address the risk management methods of preventing corruption crimes in light of the Kingdom of Bahrain Vision 2030. Consequently, financial and administrative corruption can be prevented through collaborative efforts and capabilities of all relevant supervising entities, civil society and the public.

Research Problem

The study addresses several problems related to the abovementioned subject by answering the following questions: Does the economic Vision 2030 give sufficient attention to corruption prevention? Is there an actual need to enact a specific law for combating corruption crimes, or are the current punitive legislation in the penal law or the specific punitive regulations sufficient to limit financial and administrative corruption crimes? How risk management mechanisms can support answering these questions?

Significance of the Study

This research will explore how the economic vision 2030 conforms to the legislative structure against corruption crimes and incorporate the Vision that enhances societal participation to prevent and reduce corruption.

Research Methodology

The research will adopt the analytical, descriptive, inductive approach, the closest and most appropriate to the research topic. The approach follows an objective analytical reading and in-depth scrutiny of Bahrain Vision 2030, the national anti-corruption strategy, and the related penal legislation to draw conclusions and specific recommendations that contribute to the development of the legislative status in Bahrain to manage the corruption risks.

Literature Review

Corruption Risk Management (CRM)

Numerous studies considered corruption a severe problem worldwide, and it exists in many countries. It increases unemployment, poverty, low wages, and high prices as corruption are considered the country’s most serious concern. Many polls have shown for years that corruption is one of the top concerns in societies. In some countries, customs officials, judges, ministers, and tax officers are thought to be the most corrupt professionals and some other occupations. The current status of corruption should consider implementing efficient Corruption Risk Management (CRM) as the most effective preventative measure for reducing corruption in countries. To successfully manage corruption risks, institutions must first identify them and then analyze them using a risk assessment approach.

A CRM, when properly implemented, may be a solid proactive and preventative weapon in the fight against corruption in any (public or private) organization. The most crucial point to remember is that practically any type of adhortative responsibility carries corruption risk. For example, a lack of personnel can jeopardize an institution's effectiveness, which is purely a human resource issue; however, such a risk can also pose a risk of corruption because a lack of personnel means overloads for one (or a few) people, backlogs, and an excessive the concentration of power and decision-making process. Some cases/tasks might be purposely set aside (statute of limitations), or some cases/tasks could be solved first (fund distribution) or decision-making without sufficient control. CRM is a method for proactively recognizing and resolving a company's vulnerabilities to internal and external risks, such as unlawful or unethical behaviour (Darwish, 2015; Darwish et al., 2019). Because each organization is unique, assessing corruption risk is typically more of an art than a science. There is no one-size-fits-all solution, but public institutions face some common concerns — areas such as human resources, public procurement, data protection, that may be examined similarly.

Furthermore, organizations with comparable foundations or natures of work (local governments, ministries, autonomous state bodies, prosecution services, courts, educational institutions, health institutions, and so on) may have similar procedures and approaches (and training). Any corruption risk assessment aims to assist an institution in determining what makes it most vulnerable to corruption by identifying and prioritizing corruption threats. Through a corruption risk assessment, the institution can identify sources of corruption, which is probably most likely to occur, enabling proactive measures to be considered and implemented to reduce the chance of it happening. Furthermore, the corruption risk assessment process should be visible and communicated through the institutions. Thus, it is essential to train responsible persons in institutions to ensure a proper corruption risk assessment is done and prepared.

Theoretical Framework for the Concept of Corruption Crimes Prevention

There is no doubt that financial and administrative corruption is a disorder that afflicts societies. It represents a clear risk to the public's trust and hence to the functioning of public administration of the state. Such trust should be deep-rooted in every individual towards his society. Alternatively, people would no longer have faith in their governments or their representatives. Therefore, most countries apply risk management and control systems to combat and prevent corruption. Thus, the Bahraini government made progressive achievements due to the reforms in the judicial system and robust risk management schemes. as shows in Table 1.

Table 1 Score Of Bahrain In Corruption Perception Index
Rank	Country	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012
78	Bahrain	42	42	36	36	43	51	49	48	51

The Concept of Corruption Crimes Prevention

Crimes threaten the security and stability of society, and it is a phenomenon that has always been a source of concern for governments. It imposes a duty to fight and end crime in every way possible and requires the collaboration of local, regional and international organizations. Financial and administrative corruption crimes inflict on society, threaten its economy, and shake public trust in its governments.

"The penal and social policies work to prevent crime through enacting effective measures to alleviate the causes of such crimes so that the society can be protected against it (Suroor, 1972). Crime prevention is based on eradicating and combating all factors that may lead to criminal behaviour, as the crime, per se, is an indisputable fact in society and relies on people's thoughts and beliefs. Since crime represents a state of non-conformity with society's orientations, crime prevention requires actions that strengthen the harmony and sense of belonging between the individual and society. Therefore, anything that strengthens social integration helps in crime prevention, which requires making available all factors leading to the harmonious relationship between the individual and the society (Al-Hadithi, 1986).

In general, crime prevention is a modern concept in social sciences, and although it is commonly used nowadays, it is usually misunderstood. There is not one specific and direct definition of the concept. Some scholars define crime prevention as "any previously planned action taken in advance with the aim of partially or completely preventing the crime or its complications" (Suwef,1996).

Others define crime prevention as it "refers to all societal efforts that prevent the availability of factors and conditions leading to crime". Hence, society should not wait until the criminal act occurs and then correct it or fight against it, but work to preclude the conditions that may lead to such crime. Crime prevention aims to fight crime before it happens" (Taleb, 2003).

However, it is essential in this context for the aim of setting a distinct definition of crime prevention, to differentiate between the term prevention and the term correction. While correction indicates avoiding the repetition of the crime by the criminal, prevention means avoiding the occurrence of the crime in the first place. Therefore, all efforts are made to preclude the second-time occurrence of crimes that are considered correctional or reformative. However, efforts made to avoid the occurrence of the crime are considered preventive or deterrent. Others, believe that correction, deterrence, reformation, and prevention refer to the positive non-punitive efforts to reform criminals and prevent crimes (Bahnam, 1986). One can conclude that crime prevention is "a group of measures taken by the society to confront, combat crime and protect the individual and the society against it (Alhadithi, 2011).

Society's protective responsibility means the active and direct contribution and partnership of all institutions in preventive work. Crime prevention is a responsibility not exclusive to governmental institutions; it requires the comprehensive, collaborative work of governmental and societal institutions such as the public, the media, the civil society institutions and the various religious and educational institutions. There should be purposeful, cooperative, integrative efforts to prevent crime or delinquency from occurring, such that each entity takes up its role according to its specialization and scope of ability.

Protecting society against crime can be achieved by various methods that aim to develop a preventive policy built on good planning and programming based on the information available through modern scientific methods in all fields of human sciences. Traditionally, combating crime relied on traditional methods such as police intervention, punitive correction or penal investigation. Nowadays, there is an international orientation towards confronting and preventing crime through more realistic strategies and scientific perspectives based on accurate planning that relies on the data made available by modern technology in all fields of human life (Al-Yousuf, 2003)

Alhadithi, 2011 highlighted the main principles of crime prevention as follows

1. Crime prevention is an essential responsibility that must be undertaken by society as individuals and institutions.

2. Crime prevention must employ all means and methods before and after crime occurrence and it must aim to protect society from crime and individuals from committing it.

3. Crime prevention methods are strongly connected with society's prevailing social, economic, and political conditions. Therefore, these methods can be developed and adjusted as necessary to eradicate crime.

4. The preventive aspect is highlighted in the current penal policy, so it is part of the comprehensive plans adopted by the state in this regard.

The Concept of Corruption Crimes

Discussing corruption crimes prevention requires defining corruption as a societal phenomenon that many societies and countries suffer from. Contextually, there is no one comprehensive definition of corruption. For instance, the Arab Convention against Corruption defines it as "a multi-form criminal phenomenon with a negative impact on the ethical values, political life and economic and social aspects". The Transparency International organization defines it by exploiting public positions and titles, indicating that corruption "is every act that includes the misuse of public positions to achieve personal benefits and advantages for a specific individual or group. (Al-Zubeidi, 2016)

A part of Jurisprudence defines corruption as "disobedience of law and order to achieve a special interest, whether political, economic or social to a specific individual or group" or a misuse of power by someone entitled to make decisions that serve the public interest. Corruption is an unethical and illegal act done by someone who assumes a public position to benefit personally. Corruption indicates a violation of the values of the individual and society (Ferwana, 2018).

Therefore, one can say that corruption is any act (or refraining from performing an act required by law) done by a civil servant assigned with a public service to exploit his position for personal benefits for himself or others at the expense of the public interest entrusted to that worker. It is the employee's violation of the job limitations or the duties required to maintain the public interests. Thus, corruption is an ethical and societal breach of the civil servant or official by using the public to achieve personal gains.

Based on the above, administrative corruption can be diagnosed with certain behaviors, decisions or actions that lead to the following manifestations (Hassan, 2017).

1. Misappropriation of public funds (governmental dispensing).

2. Misappropriation of scientific capabilities and depriving them of achieving developmental production.

3. Waste of precious time that can be used for construction, development and modernization.

4. Bribery, favoritism, poorness of services and a sluggish administrative system.

5. Stillness in the work environment without achieving development or modernization.

6. Marginal adherence to laws and regulations.

7. Exploitation of state property and resources without legal justification.

Causes of Administrative Corruption

This alarming phenomenon of corruption is attributed to many factors. Politically, the nature of the government system plays a crucial role in the presence or absence of corruption. The stronger the state system in imposing its will on its institutions and entities, the weaker the corruption phenomenon. On the other hand, unstable political conditions and conflicts among leading parties and social groups lead to weak governmental bodies and, consequently, weak supervision and control. It would naturally increase the spread of administrative and financial and administrative corruption in the public sector. Also, economic factors play a vital role in the spread of corruption. Degraded economic development, poverty and retardation in many developing countries lead to increased corruption levels.

Furthermore, Illiteracy, unemployment and weak awareness have a direct impact on the spread of corruption. For instance, favouritism in developing countries led to public and senior posts by unqualified, incompetent or dishonest people. Thus, it negatively affects the administrative competence in service provision or increased productivity. (Sabrina & Atiqa, 2016; Caiden, 2013; Blackburn, et al., 2011)

Weak religious deterrence may also lead to rapid influence by negative morals alien to our society, which might eventually have a clear impact on the weakness of self-observation. In turn, it facilitates individuals motivated for their gains through legal and illegal methods.

Financial and administrative corruption has negative consequences that are summarized by (Dahi, 2018). He explains that the trust between citizens and public institutions can be spoiled due to inequality and favouritism, and employees become unfaithful, leading to weak services and poor quality of work. Likewise, the country incurs significant losses for allocating large sums of money to reform recently accomplished projects. Consequently, unemployment spreads and poverty levels increase because government funds and resources are wasted on useless projects. The significant threat comes from the increase in crime levels due to the impact of unemployment and poverty. Thus, threatening the state's system with instability might lead to the collapse of the entire political system.

Penal Policy of the Bahraini Legislator against Corruption Crimes

Corruption crimes are addressed in the Kingdom's Penal Code and other specific punitive regulations to eliminate such crimes. The Bahraini legislator formulated laws imposing appropriate solutions for the committed crime in society. The Bahraini legislator lists the financail and administrative corruption crimes and other related actions under a particular section of the Penal Code.

The concern of this research is the crimes related to financial and administrative corruption and listed in the Penal Code. These crimes are detailed under the special section, part II, titled "Crimes Prejudicing Duties of a Public Office", in articles 186-213 as follows: bribery in articles 186 - 193, embezzlement and damage to funds in articles 194 - 201, and Exploitation of office or influence in articles 202 – 213. We shall address these crimes as three branches as follows:

1. The Crime of Bribery

Bribery is defined as “It is usually money or something of value given to an official in exchange for a rightful or wrongful service or right." It can be defined as an agreement between someone expecting a benefit and such that the latter obtains value or privilege in exchange for (Al-Haidari,2015). This definition considers that the "agreement between the two parties" as a condition for bribery. Bribery is when a civil servant asks for a consideration of his work even if the other party refuses to make such a consideration. Therefore, bribery can be defined as "an expression of desire by the civil servant (or officer entrusted with a public service) to obtain any sort of consideration in exchange for benefiting from a service (Al Haiti, 2016; OECD, 2000).

Bribery in modern legislation has two perspectives. Some legislations consider bribery composed of two crimes; harmful bribery committed by the bribed employee and positive bribery committed by the briber. This principle is adopted in the French, German and Moroccan laws. The second perspective considers bribery as one crime committed by the civil servant who accepts a bribe. In this case, the briber is a partner whose criminal act is dependent on that of the original doer, the civil servant. This principle is adopted in most Arab laws, including the Bahraini, Egyptian, Iraqi and Syrian penal codes and the Italian penal code (Al-Hadithi, 2010).

The difference between the two perspectives occurs when a civil servant is offered a bribe but refuses to take it. Under the first perspective, there is a crime of positive bribery committed by the briber. However, the briber cannot be punished under the second perspective as a civil servant can only commit bribery. The briber can only be an accomplice to the bribery crime. The Bahraini legislator avoided this under Article (190) of the Penal Code. Under the said Article, the law punishes anyone who offers a bribe to a civil servant or an officer entrusted with a public service without the latter accepting the bribe since this crime is considered a distinct crime rather than an attempted bribery crime.

Criminalizing bribery is justified by protecting the integrity and neutrality of the public office, necessitating the civil servant's honesty and respect. A civil servant's demand for bribes compromises the public's trust in and respect for the public office and civil servants. Bribe distorts the integrity of the administrative system, as it favors personal interests over public interests and it leads to leads to injustice, as the ability to pay for achieving services varies among people. Thus, bribery harms the ultimate value of every community, i.e. social justice. (OECD, 2018; Al-Haidari, 2015).

The crime of bribery consists of three elements:

2. Capacity of the Offender

Bribery is a crime that requires a specific capacity of the offender. It means that the offender must be a public employee or someone entrusted with public service. Otherwise, the act shall not be deemed bribery of a public officer but can still have a criminal nature, such as fraud. This capacity is required in bribery because it relies on trading the duties of the public office. (Al-Hadithi, 2010)

It is also necessary that the act he is asked to do, not to do or infringe, falls within his assigned duty and competence or that he presumably or allegedly believes it falls under his duties.

3. The Material Element

The material element of the bribery crime requires the presence of the criminal behavior and the subject of such behavior. The criminal behavior lies in request or acceptance, while the subject is the gift or privilege or a promise of such gift or privilege. Therefore, the bribe is obtained either before or after the act.

4. The Mental Element

The crime of bribery can only be intentional, so it requires the presence of criminal intent in the civil servant or the officer entrusted with public service. This intent is represented by the requestor accepting the gift, privilege or benefit or accepting a promise of the same. The civil servant must also be aware that this consideration is in exchange for doing or omitting an act that he believes or claims to fall under his duties. If, on the other hand, this knowledge is not present, if the civil servant thinks he is collecting a debt owed to him by the briber or if the gift was put in his desk drawer without his knowledge, then the criminal intent is not present.

The Crime of Embezzlement

Embezzlement means to take something publicly and in the presence of its owner but without the owner's awareness. The term means the seizure of a civil servant or an officer who is entrusted with a public service of money or documents found in his possession because of his office. Therefore, embezzlement violates the trust given to the civil servant or the officer entrusted with public service. It makes it a corruption crime, as the offender gets rich in an illegal manner. (Ferwana, 2018)

Embezzlement is a crime that consists of three elements:

1. The Capacity of the Offender

Embezzlement can only be committed by a civil servant or an officer entrusted with public service. The detailed description of the capacity of the bribery offender applies to embezzlement.

2. The Material Element

The material element is composed of the action of embezzlement and the embezzled money. Embezzlement is established with every offender committed by the offender who intends to maintain the money he is temporarily trusted with and seize it in his acquisition. It includes the disposal of the money and /or any property at hand because of the public office in transactions such as selling, mortgage, consumption and dispensing (Al Hadithi, 2010; Ahmed, 2007).

3. The Mental Element

Embezzlement is an intentional crime that requires the criminal intent of the civil servant or the officer entrusted with public service. Article (196) shows that the Bahraini legislator considers the criminal intent required for the embezzlement crime as a particular criminal intent. The intent must include the desire to acquire in addition to knowledge and awareness. The absence of this intent makes the act subject to the said Article (196). For instance, a civil servant who uses the government car (because of his role in a public office) for personal interests is not punished for embezzlement because he had no intention of acquisition. His liability is under Article (196) of the Penal Code.

Exploitation of Influence

The Bahraini legislator states this crime in the third chapter of Part two of the Special Section under Articles (202-206). Some define this crime as, "Seeking the public authorities or any entities under the public authorities' supervision to achieve gains or benefits that are beyond the scope of one's office." (Mohammed, 1975) Others define it as "the exploitation of any influence of whatsoever source at a public or private entity to achieve personal material or immaterial gain for oneself or someone else." (Abdul Wahab, 1975). We can say that Exploitation of influence is established: "when a civil servant or an officer entrusted with a public service asks or accepts for his benefit or that of others any gift or privilege of any kind or a promise of the same for using a genuine or alleged influence for obtaining or attempting to secure from any public authority or any governmental entity any business, orders, judgements, decisions, awards and decorations or privilege of any kind. Hence, the exploitation of influence is part of the exploitation of a public office, and eradicating this crime achieves social justice and fights financial and administrative corruption in society (Hamad, 2014). Criminalizing this phenomenon affects equality among people by preventing the provision of privileges to some people but not others in the same community.

This Crime is Composed of Three Elements

1. The Influence

The offender must enjoy genuine or alleged influence on public authorities or entities under his supervision. Influence means that this person is appreciated by some authority and or means capable of achieving the relevant interest, so he can ask them to provide such interest. This appreciation may be attributed to the offender's social status or connections such as kinship or friendship. The said influence may be genuine or alleged and is deemed established upon the offender's statement without other deceiving methods. In addition, the offender's capability or lack of capability to provide the alleged advantage to the person who requests it does not affect the establishment of this element. However, the offender must be a civil servant or an officer entrusted with public service (Ahmed, 2007).

2. The Material Element

In this crime, the material element is composed of two parts: the criminal behaviour and the subject of the criminal activity. Criminal behaviour refers to the requestor acceptance, while the subject is privileged, gifted, or promised. As such, the consideration of exploiting one's influence can be immediate, such as the provision of business, orders, decisions, awards and decorations, obligations, license or supply agreements, contracts, offices, services or privileges of any kind or can be deferred in case of a promise of any such privilege.

3. The Mental Element

The Exploitation of influence can only be committed intentionally, which requires the existence of criminal intent. This intent is established upon the offender's desire to request or accept the gift or privilege or the promise of such gift or privilege and the offender's knowledge that it is in exchange for exploiting his genuine or alleged influence.

Regulatory Measures for Preventing Corruption Crimes in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Corruption crimes jeopardize the stability of the entire society, so they must be uprooted before they occur through collaborating all available efforts and capabilities. Therefore, the Kingdom of Bahrain made tremendous efforts to reinforce societal involvement; strengthen the sovereignty of the law and the sound administration of public affairs and properties, and deepen the principles of integrity, transparency and accountability.

In its economic vision 2030, the Kingdom of Bahrain highlighted several fundamental principles, including those related to combating and preventing corruption crimes. The national anti-corruption strategy reflects the Kingdom's Vision, which is being executed in all institutions. It is only evident that preventing corruption crimes requires the collaboration of all available efforts, including those of individuals, civil society institutions, the media and all other regulatory entities that aim at implementing the central aspect of the economic Vision; fighting and preventing corruption crimes. The regulatory measures are taken to prevent corruption crimes in Bahrain discusses the national anti-corruption strategy, while the second discusses the role of the public in preventing corruption crimes.

National Anti-corruption Strategy in the Kingdom of Bahrain

The Kingdom of Bahrain developed a national anti-corruption strategy "to coordinate the efforts that reinforce the principles of transparency, integrity and societal involvement. The National strategy aims to prevent corruption practices to protect public funds and create a safe environment that supports comprehensive development efforts. The strategy encompasses several fields including good governance of implementing the principles of equality and law sovereignty to the highest standards; thus, ensuring quality performance, transparency and clear policies for sustainable development."

The strategy reflects the constitutional principles which includes in the constitution of the Kingdom for the year 2002, aiming to protect public funds against manipulation or investment to serve anything other than the public interest stated in the Kingdom's public policies. Article (9), paragraph (b) of the constitution stipulates that "Public funds are inviolate, and every citizen must protect them." Article (16/a) states that "Public jobs are a national service entrusted to their incumbents, and State employees shall have the public interest in mind when performing their jobs." Therefore, Article (116) of the Constitution states the establishment of a National Audit Office that assists the government and the Council of Representatives in controlling the expenditure of the state revenues through submitting an annual report. Under sections 2 and 3 of the Vision, the Kingdom's Economic Vision indicates establishing a transparent government control office that works justly to facilitate the economic development process.

This section states that "A predictable, transparent and fairly enforced regulatory system is a critical prerequisite for economic growth. Bahraini businesses and individuals will reap the benefits of sound regulations, facilitating economic growth by keeping competition free and fair. Our judicial system will ensure that disputes in the business world are efficiently resolved in line with a fair interpretation of the existing laws and regulations."

The strategy includes several principles and preventive measures, as follows:

1. The strategy works to take the preventive measures that deepen an effective coordinated anti-corruption methodology, such as establishing an independent anti-corruption body. It also seeks the development of educational curricula to include the concepts of integrity, honesty and anti-corruption and strengthen the religious deterrent through educational institutions and houses of worship.

2. The strategy aims to amend the documents related to the codes of employee conduct and add special legislation to control this conduct in terms of defining the behavioural standards that must be followed by the employees of public and private sectors in line with the international standards. Such standards would enhance the civil servant's honesty, transparency and integrity, define his scope of responsibility and performance quality, and prevent conflict of interest in both sectors. As a result of the Financial Disclosure Law no. (32) of 2010, this law obliges everyone to its provisions, to submit a periodical financial disclosure for himself, his wife and his underage children to the committee that was established under the same law and called the "financial disclosure statement examination committee". The Supreme Judicial Council under the presidency of the Judge of Court of Cassation, assisted by several judges, is appointed for this purpose.

3. In terms of regional and international collaboration, the strategy aims to strengthen legal, judicial and procedural cooperation against corruption at the regional and international levels. Principles of such collaboration were accomplished as per the UN Anti-corruption Convention.

4. The strategy includes provisions on amending the documents related to the rules of employee codes of conduct and adds special legislation to control this conduct in terms of defining the behavioural standards that must be followed by the employees of public and private sectors in line with the international standards. Such standards would enhance the civil servant's honesty, transparency and integrity, define his scope of responsibility and performance quality, and prevent conflict of interest in both sectors.

5. The strategy seeks to develop the national service related to receiving reports on corruption to encourage societal mobilization against corruption and reinforce the individuals' monitoring role that helps enforce the law. A hotline to receive corruption reports (Nazaha 992) was announced on December 9, 2009, to coincide with the international anti-corruption day. This Hotline is an important communication channel between society and the Ministry of Interior to support civil society's role in fighting and to prevent corruption crimes.

The convention aimed to achieve several objectives, including:

1. Minimizing financial and administrative corruption through developing prevention and detection methods.

2. Raising the public's awareness of corruption through national anti-corruption campaigns.

3. Strengthening societal partnership by supporting civil society's role in protecting the integrity and fighting corruption.

4. Following up with the implementation of the National Anti-corruption Strategy; developing its programs and their mechanisms; and documenting, evaluating and reviewing the outcomes of this implementation.

5. Reinforcing collaboration at the national level among different monitoring bodies responsible for supporting the integrity and fighting corruption.

6. Increasing cooperation against corruption at the regional and international levels

7. Conducting quality research on reinforcing integrity and fighting corruption within the Bahraini community.

The Role of Civil Society in Protection against Corruption Crimes

The Economic Vision 2030 helps unite the community and expresses the consensus and agreement of its members on the direction they all intend to pursue to achieve their ambitions and aspirations. The Vision reflects sound knowledge of the factors that determine prosperity relevant to the economy, government, and society. Hence, the Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 process is a comprehensive and integrated process in which Bahrainis from all business sectors and social groups contribute. Three main principles are stressed to achieve the Vision's aspirations: Sustainability, competitiveness, and justice. The primary purpose was to reinforce the role of the people and the civil society institutions in supporting the government in combating corruption crimes and preventing them from being committed.

Role of Media

The different media channels, whether visual, audible or written; normal or electronic; private or public; can be an ally to the anti-financial and administrative corruption crimes by keeping the audience informed and aware of the types of financial and administrative corruption. This means to confront it and help in finding ways to cooperate with the government to prevent and limit its spread. The National Anti-Corruption Strategy expresses the importance of activating the role of the media in confronting corruption, out of the premise that the process of integration in the fight against corruption is imperative. The role of the media must go beyond its conventional methods in order to highlight the true nature of the risks of corruption and how widely spread it is. Media must help create a more aware society of the importance of establishing an anti-corruption partnership that achieves social and economic security (Al-Hadithi, 2011).

Role of Civil Society Institutions

Civil society is defined as the political, social, economic and cultural institutions that work in different fields somewhat independently from the government's authority to achieve multiple objectives (Eid, 2009). Therefore, these institutions need to activate their supportive role for the state's supervisory bodies, and hence we can provide some recommendations that can help achieve the desired effect of such a role: (Al-Hadithi, 2011)

1. It is vital to issue periodic highly professional reports that track financial and administrative crimes and submit relevant recommendations to official authorities.

2. Organize workshops and specialized training courses on combating financial and administrative corruption and educate the public on this topic.

3. It is crucial to spread the culture of preserving public money and highlight the negative impacts of corruption on individuals, institutions, and society.

The National Strategy included the reinforcement of the civil society's active participation. It is one of the priorities that The Kingdom of Bahrain attempts to support by launching anti-corruption campaigns, including diverse activities and events and proper media coverage. Together, they aim to encourage society to reinforce integrity actively, fight corruption, take the initiative, and report any corrupt practices they may encounter at work or while receiving public services.

The Hotline

A Hotline is a telephone number set by the supervisory bodies to receive intelligence and information on any corruption practices via landlines or cell phones. (Al-Jourani, 2015). This anti-corruption hotline (nazaha (integrity) 992) was first launched on December 9, 2009 on International Anti-Corruption Day. It was promoted through the national anti-corruption campaign taking into account all necessary measures that guarantee the confidentiality of the reporting and protection of the person's personal information.

Role of Educational Institutions

Through the 2030 Bahrain Vision, the National Anti-Corruption Strategy attempted to set a comprehensive plan that targets educational institutions such as schools and universities and the youth in general.

The plan was divided into several parts for its execution at the national level to mainstream anti-corruption frameworks, promote integrity, and instil virtuous moral values in society. The following are the most critical points in achieving so:

1. Educational institutions must include integrity and values in the curricula, whether at schools or universities.

2. The necessity for educational institutions, such as schools and universities, to hold seminars and workshops in cooperation with the competent authorities to raise awareness on the importance of fighting and preventing corruption.

3. The importance of holding competitions at the schools and universities in arts, storytelling, and design. The theme should be related to educating and raising awareness on integrity and transparency.

4. The need for educational institutions to play a role in planting the values and ethics related to protecting public money through collective or individual activities and reinforcing cooperation with the civil society institutions and media outlets to carry out this task.

Conclusion

Corruption crimes risks are considered risky and threatening to the entire community because they affect the public's trust in public workers and those entrusted with the task of preserving public money. Therefore, there have been punitive legislation, public and private, and regional and international agreements to confront such a phenomenon by criminalizing it and punishing it. Based on the abovementioned financial and administrative and in order to prevent them, we arrived at the following results and recommendations:

1. The Bahraini government successfully established risk management systems that control corruption in line the Vision 2030. The achievement is evident on the transparency index.

2. Protection against social crimes, despite its excessive use, there has not been one specific definition for it.

3. Protection from crime can be " measures taken by the society to confront, combat and treat crime and immunize the individual and the society against it".

4. Corruption, being a crime, is associated with the public job, the public employee or any worker assigned with public service. Thus, it is any act (or refraining from performing an act required by law) done by a public employee or a worker assigned with a public service to exploit his position for personal benefits for himself or others at the expense of the public interest entrusted to that worker.

5. Corruption crimes are among the crimes that contravene the duties of public positions, so when the legislator criminalizes the acts of financial or administrative corruption, the aim is to protect a valuable interest; the people's trust in the public sector.

6. The Kingdom issued the Economic Vision 2030 that encompasses several basic principles, some of which are related to fighting corruption. The Anti-Corruption National Strategy reflected the Vision adopted throughout the Kingdom's different institutions.

7. The Economic Vision 2030 helps unite the community and expresses the consensus and agreement of its members on the direction they all intend to pursue to achieve their ambitions and aspirations. The Vision follows sound knowledge of the factors that determine prosperity relevant to the economy, government, and society. Hence, the Bahrain Economic Vision 2030 process was comprehensive and integrated.

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