Keywords

Training & Development, Job Satisfaction, Hospital Sector, Paramedical Staffs.

Introduction

Healthcare sector is one of fast growing and larges sectors of India. The reasons behind the growth of this sector are increasing income level of individuals and society, continuously changing lifestyle, growing rate of population. Govt. of India is also focusing on this sector. According to IBEF (Indian Brand Equity Forum), the Government of India has aimed to increase the spending and budget in healthcare to 3% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the year 2022.

Training and Development

Training & development Practices are related with development of positive- attitude towards the work in staffs. Training & Development programs are also organized to correct and enhance working style of employees, behavioural and interpersonal skills. Development programs are generally prepared for middle level management.

Job Satisfaction

Job-Satisfaction is an important attitude of employees to be studied by all types of organizations.

Described as a positive feeling of staff members about their jobs. Paramedical Staff also called as paramedics. They are trained professionals responsible for providing clinical and other related services to the patients, under the supervision of doctors. The services provided by paramedics includes sanitization, maintaining hygiene, pharmacy related services, physiotherapy related services, exercise related to ongoing therapy etc.

Objective

This study aims to analyse the impact of Training & Development practices on Job Satisfaction of Paramedical staffs of Gwalior and Chambal Region.

Originality

Very few studies and research are conducted for analysing the relationship and impact of Training & Development and Job-Satisfaction in Paramedical Staffs of public sector hospitals of Gwalior-Chambal Region.

Material and Methods

The research is based on primary and secondary data. Data is collected through self- structured- questionnaire. The study was conducted on Paramedical staffs from various public hospitals of Gwalior and Chambal Region. Secondary data was used for literature review.

Literature Review

Training & Development

Sharma et al. (2020) discussed about stressful environment in hospitals are developed in emergency area, eg ICU etc. This stressful environment can create dissatisfaction in employees. Sajai (2020) concluded Job insecurity as one if the important factors of Job satisfaction. Taamneh et-al. (2018) argued effective HR Practices eg training & development, staffing etc as a tool to gain competitive advantage Shah et-al. (2018) studied about demographical variables to measure job satisfaction in lecturers Albrecht et al. (2015) suggested training & development as “efforts to be taken by any organization for improving the skill-set of the employees.” Jiang et al. (2012) argued training & development as strategy and effort made by any organization in order to improve abilities, skills, and knowledge of employees. Noe et al. (2010) discussed the relationship of attitude and effectiveness of the training program. A strong relation was found in these variables Kabene et al. (2006) argued importance HRM Practices in healthcare in global aspect. The study was done on secondary database. Gould-Williams (2003): Studied about the effect of various HRM practices on Job satisfaction in Govt organizations of UK. There was a direct association between Job Satisfaction employee commitment, Perceived organizational support and trust etc Pareek (2018) discussed on planning for training & development programs. Whether it is on job training or off-the-job training, planning makes it effective Kydd (1990) found some common HR practices eg Training and development program associated with innovation and commitment. Secondary data was used for the study David & Stephen (1989) argued training and the experience pf learning leads to a change in behaviour which is permanent. It increases the ability performing jobs in individuals. Oatey (1970); Discussed about the importance of training & development. Training was found helpful in development of employees mentally, intellectually and socially. Which leads to create a happy workforce.

Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction measures an employee's cognition and evaluation, mental status, and emotional experience with their job as-well -as all related aspects Singh (2013) identified and argued about the factors of job satisfaction, in Manipur of India. It was found that the factors of job satisfaction. Pay and compensation was found most important factor of Job satisfaction in that study. They also found a positive co relation with training and development program and Pay and compensation Johari (2013) analysed the relationship between job-satisfaction and Job- Performance of employees. They worked on four factors: Work Comfort, Salary, Work- Treatment and Job Performance. The study was done in Govt hospitals of Libya. It was concluded that the staffs not satisfied with factors of job satisfaction shown a poor Job performance. It can be enhanced when employees will be well treated by their managers and will also receive god salary and incentives Bhatnagar & Srivastava (2011) studied to develop a scale which can measure job satisfaction of medical teachers. They identified Job Reward, motivation, work enthusiasm, welfare-measures, social-support, job-competency. It was developed for measuring the job satisfaction level of health care employees of India Yang (2001) Job satisfaction is a measurement of employee’s attitude and cognition. It also measures the mental status and their experience towards job on emotional aspect O’Berien (1993) Researched about the effect of gender of paramedics of public hospitals on job satisfaction. It was found that male staffs were more satisfied than female paramedics Spencer & Byrne (2016) identified the managerial level and job satisfaction. The study found a high job satisfaction level in senior level management, in comparison with junior level managers in any organization Monga et al. (2015) studied about salary and pay, social association, the attitude of senior employees, surroundings of workplace, teamwork, personal contacts have bearing on workplace satisfaction of employees. Lu, et al. (2005) also identified wages, job work environment, social-aspects and social-recognition as determinant factors of job satisfaction Stewart (2007) researched about effect of work environment on employee job satisfaction. Work environment may include cleanliness, noise also apart from other factors Bokti & Talib (2009) discussed about influence of friendly nature of co-workers and social factors on employee motivation Hesketh & Fleetword (2009) also identified incentives and social recognition boosts employee recognition. Social recognition may include “Employee of the month award” or promotions etc Brush & Solchalski (2007) researched poor relationship between nurses, physicians and management of the hospitals are the main factors which cause low morale in the employees of medical or healthcare system.

Research Methodology

Research Design

Exploratory and Descriptive design were adopted according to the nature of the study. In case where problems are not identified, and not studied clearly, we use an exploratory research, and to describe and study the characteristics of the population a descriptive research is used.

Problem Statement

Managing employees effectively and efficiently is the biggest challenge for organizations. It needs to manage the human aspect also which includes their attitude towards job, behaviour, motivation, learning, perception etc. These are related to the HR practices and being run in the organization e.g., Recruitment, Selection, Induction, Training & Development etc. Public hospitals also organize training and development programs for every staffs, including paramedical staffs. It is very important to run the Training & Development program effectively and efficiently. The present study focuses on the impact of Job-Satisfaction and Training & Development related practices for Paramedical staffs in public hospitals.

Research Questions

Q1: What types of Training & Development Programs exist in Public Hospitals?

Q2: What is the level of Job Satisfaction of Paramedical Staffs in Public Hospitals?

Q3: Are Training & Development Programs and Job Satisfaction related?

Objectives of the Study

Current Research has the Following Objectives

1. To, study the Training & Development practices for Paramedical staffs in public sector Hospitals.

2. To study the level-of Job-Satisfaction of Paramedical staffs in public sector hospitals.

3. To study the impact of Training & Development programs on job-satisfaction level of Paramedical staffs in public sector Hospitals.

Hypothesis Formulation

H1: There is not any significant impact of Training & Development on the Job Satisfaction level of Paramedical Staffs of Public Hospitals.

Instrumentation

The survey questionnaire instruments were used. The design of questionnaire has been through formulated after discussion with well-known HRD and HRM experts and academicians and also by referring to extensive literature and a self-structured questionnaire based on previous research, prepared by the researcher was distributed to the paramedical staffs of Public Hospitals in target area. A list of total 46 statements measured on a 5-point Likert scale was prepared in Tables 1 & 2.

Table 1 Instrumentalization
S. No.	Variable Name	No of Items	Source
1	Training & Development	7	Demo et al (2012)
2	Teamwork and Trust	6	Schultz et al (2011) and Danial et. Al (2014)
3	Flexible Job Assignment	4	O'Neal, Angela D (2012).
4	Employment Security	6	Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Weiss et al. in 1967 )
5	Organizational Support	5	Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Weiss et al. in 1967
6	Communication	5	JSS by Spector (1994)
7	Salary	5	Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire, Wakil Ajibola-asekun(2015)
8	Relationship-with supervisor and co-workers	4	Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Weiss et al. in 1967)
9	Job itself	4	Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Weiss et al. in 1967)

Table 2 Variable Wise Reliability Statistics
S. No.	Variable Name	Cronbach's Alpha
1	Training & Development	0.717
2	Teamwork and Trust	0.829
3	Flexible Job Assignment	0.78
4	Employment Security	0.737
5	Organizational Support	0.876
6	Information Sharing(Communication)	0.856
7	Salary	0.795
8	Relationship with - supervisor and co-workers	0.828
9	Job itself	0.848

Data Analysis

Reliability Statistics

Factor wise analysis (Job Satisfaction)

Following factors of Job satisfaction were analyzed

Factor 1: Teamwork and Trust

This factor has emerged as an important determinant of Job Satisfaction, It consist of 6 variables, and explains 12.132% of variance.

Factor 2: Flexible Job Assignment

This is another determinant of Job Satisfaction, consists of 4 variables, and explained 11.883% of variance.

Factor 3: Employment Security

The next important determinant of Job satisfaction is Employment Security comprising of 6 variables. It explains 9.655% of variance on job satisfaction.

Factor 4: Organizational Support

Another important determinant of Job Satisfaction is organizational support, explaining 8.534% of variance and comprising of 5 variables.

Factor 5: Communication (Information sharing)

Communication is explaining 7.041% of variance on job satisfaction. This is also emerged as a determinant of Job Satisfaction. It has 5 variables.

Factor 6: Salary

This factor has 4 variables, explaining 10.877% of variance. It is an important determinant of Job satisfaction.

Factor 7: Relationship with Supervisor and co-workers

Another determinant emerged for Job satisfaction is Relationship with Supervisor and co-workers. Explaining variance of 6.682%. It has 4 variables.

Factor 8: Job itself

The Job itself also a determinant of job satisfaction, explaining 7.697% of variance and consisting 4 variables in Tables 3 & 4.

Table 3 Total Variance Explained Job Satisfaction
Component		Initial Eigen values			Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings			Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
		Total	% of Varianc e	C   Cumulative              %	Total	% of Varianc e	C           Cumulative %	Total	% of Varia nce	C   cumulative %
Dimensions	1	12.774	32.754	32.754	12.77 4	32.754	32.754	4.731	12.13 2	12.132
	2	4.256	10.913	43.667	4.256	10.913	43.667	4.634	11.88 3	24.015
	3	3.381	8.668	52.335	3.381	8.668	52.335	4.242	10.87 7	34.892
	4	2.391	6.132	58.467	2.391	6.132	58.467	3.765	9.655	44.547
	5	2.037	5.223	63.690	2.037	5.223	63.690	3.328	8.534	53.081
	6	1.773	4.545	68.236	1.773	4.545	68.236	3.002	7.697	60.778
	7	1.287	3.300	71.536	1.287	3.300	71.536	2.746	7.041	67.819
	8	1.156	2.965	74.501	1.156	2.965	74.501	2.606	6.682	74.501
	9	0.935	2.397	76.898
	10	0.852	2.185	79.083
	11	0.770	1.975	81.058
	12	0.706	1.810	82.868
	13	0.632	1.620	84.487
	14	0.610	1.563	86.050
	15	0.526	1.348	87.398
	16	0.511	1.311	88.709
	17	0.469	1.202	89.911
	18	0.429	1.100	91.011
	19	0.363	0.930	91.941
	20	0.341	0.876	92.816						9
	21	0.318	0.815	93.631
	22	0.301	0.771	94.402
	23	0.268	0.687	95.090
	24	0.249	0.639	95.728
	25	0.229	0.586	96.314
	26	0.213	0.546	96.860
	27	0.191	0.490	97.350
	28	0.171	0.438	97.789
	29	0.160	0.409	98.198
	30	0.145	0.372	98.570
	31	0.140	0.360	98.930
	32	0.124	0.318	99.248
	33	0.082	0.209	99.458
	34	0.060	0.153	99.611
	35	0.057	0.146	99.757
	36	0.037	0.094	99.851
	37	0.022	0.056	99.907
	38	0.021	0.053	99.960
	39	0.016	0.040	100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Table 4 Corelation
		Job_Satisfaction	Training_Development
Pearson Correlation	Job_Satisfaction	1	0.711
	Training_Development	0.711	1
Sig. (1- tailed)	Job_satisfaction	.	0
	Training_Development	0	.

Correlation

Regression Analysis

Conclusion

Factors of Job satisfaction were identified by factor analysis of Job Satisfaction. Total 8 factors of Job Satisfaction were identified. All the factors of Job Satisfaction were strongly co- related with Training & Development programs. Teamwork and Trust explained 12.132% Flexible Job Assignment explained 11.883%, Employment Security expalined 9.655% Organizational Support explained 8.534% Communication (Information sharing) explained 7.041%, Salary 10.877%, Relationship with Supervisor and co-workers explained 6.682%, Job itself explained 7.697% of variance in Figures 1 & 2. The regression analysis shows an overall impact of 49.7% by Training and Development Programs on Job Satisfaction of Paramedical staffs. If the management identifies the training needs in proper way, and provide the required training to their paramedical staffs, the staff will show a higher job satisfaction. The senior level employees will develop more trust on the trained staffs, which in turn will increase the teamwork. Increased teamwork is a factor of Job Satisfaction in Table 5. Fully trained staffs need less supervision, so jobs can be assigned to them according to their flexible time, which will again lead to higher Job Satisfaction. Trained employees can show better performance, which increase employment security and employment security will lead to high job satisfaction. Training & development programs are also perceived as organizational support by the employees, and by providing quality training their perceived organizational support will be satisfied. Well trained employees can understand the jargons easily and understand the process with fast speed, so the communication will be better and leading to increased job satisfaction. Training enhances good relationship with supervisor and subordinate, as the tasks will be completed by the employees in better way, this is important for job satisfaction. After attending good training programs, the efficiency of staffs will increase, and it will lead to their salary increment which ultimately is a reason of job satisfaction. Well trained employees will enjoy their job. A workforce with high level of job-satisfaction contributes to minimize the employee turnover ratio. The management team of any hospital must focus on increasing job satisfaction amongst all staffs especially paramedical staffs, to minimize the employee turnover ratio in Figure 3.

Table 5 Model Summary
Model		R	R Square	Adjusted R Square	Change Statistics			Durbin- Watson
					R Square Change	F Change	Sig. F Change
dimension0	1	0.711a	0.505	0.497	0.505	62.255	0	2.19

Conceptual Model

Limitations

The study contains few constraints and limitations; those could not be controlled and not be ignored as well.

1. The data was collected from Gwalior and Chambal Region only

2. This study is restricted only to those hospitals which had the capacity of minimum 10 beds.

3. Time Constraint

Future Scope of Study

1. A study on impact pf Training &Development practices on Job-satisfaction of Paramedical staffs on Contractual basis in Public sector Hospitals of Gwalior and Chambal Region

2. A Study on Training & Development of Paramedical staffs in Private hospitals of Gwalior and Chambal Region

3. A study on Training & Development practices and its impact on Job satisfaction in Private Hospitals of Gwalior and Chambal Region

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