Review Article: 2023 Vol: 27 Issue: 6
Bhawana Rathore, Manipal University
Sonal Sidana, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Citation Information: Rathore, B., & Sidana, S. (2023). Impact of krishi vigyan kendra vocational training programme on self employment- literature review. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 27(6), 1-5.
India has been predominantly a rural country with two thirds of its population still residing in rural areas. India's 70% workforce belongs to rural areas. It is said that true India lives in her villages. The rural economy of India has continuously been supporting and contributing to the economy of India. Thus, the rural economy of India is backbone of the Indian economy. India is predicted to be a rural country in the time to come and its 50% population is projected to be residing in the rural areas even by the year 2050. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra is mainly concerned with imparting need based and vocational training to the farmers, farm women, and rural youth. Here the attempts will be made to assess the impact of vocational training programmes on self employment of rural youth. The prime aim of the literature review is to study the overall adoption status of various practices imparted during various vocational training programmes organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The findings of the study will throw light on the impact of the training in terms of Enterprise establishment by the rural youth. The study will also explore the reasons of adoption and non adoption and Discontinuance of each practice imparted under various vocational training courses. Findings of the study will serve as feedback for the administrators, and Trainers of KVK to rectify the weakness and shortcomings in planning and organization of future training programmes.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vocational Training, Rural Youth, Self-Employment, Training Quality, Entrepreneurship.
KVK act as Single Window Delivery System and Knowledge Resource Centre for diverse technological products supply and advisories to reach larger users in district through ICT medium. A lot of different activities carried out by KVK with stakeholders in order to provide best service to the farming community in rural areas (Sahoo et al. 2021).
The common opportunities for the rural youth for the self-employment are location, natural environment, strong networking and the major challenges rural youth face is government financing, unskilled labour. The study focused that there is limited amount of research focused on rural people self-employment.
The work of agricultural extension is the basis for the development of agricultural sector, and without agricultural extension it does not have any benefit from modern agricultural techniques and modern agricultural information. Agricultural extension is the bridge that connects farmers with agricultural research centers in order to transfer all agricultural techniques and teach them how to use them in their farms (Altalb et al, 2015).
Krishi vigyan Kendra’s training has made significant changes in the level of knowledge and adoption among farmers. Thus, KVK’S are contributing in positively influencing the life style of farmers and there is direct relationship between profile and attitude of farmers towards training programmes (Jaimin Bhatt, et al, 2017). The adoption level of trainings provided by kvk has increased, so there is gain in knowledge, skill and productivity, there is betterment in the economic condition. But there are some areas where the progress is limited so there is need to detect the reasons and try to make the suitable changes in training curriculum (Medhi, et al, 2017)
Imparting vocational training in agriculture and allied fields for the rural youth is one of its mandates. There are some constraints faced by the trainees i.e. lodging facilities and no field visits etc. so there is need to overcome these obstacles for the advancement of rural youth self employment. Periodical measures should be carried out by means of collection of feedback, impact study in order to stimulate the training process. Evaluation is an essential part of any training programme and it helps to ensure that the objectives are met and also to identify the hindrance so as to initiate remedial action (Balan, et al, 2019).
The major problems faced by kvk personnel for effective functioning of kvk was lack of staff in kvk, insufficient funds for training and meals, shortage of household facilities within the kvk premise for staff. There is a need to follow up programme and impact assessment of kvk (Poonam & Surya Rathore, 2017).
Krishi vigyan Kendra is mainly concerned with transmit need based and vocational training to farmers, rural youth, and farm women. There is a need to study the reasons for the non establishment of the enterprise. Kvk should also help the farmers in the initial set up of enterprise. THE study had been done on rural women; more studies should be done on rural youth. Gender equality approach should be there (Kaur, et al. 2019).
Training is a crucial instrument for the human resource development. It has been observed that gain in knowledge of the trainees after the training, has been increased. In this the training was conducted by agricultural technology management agency. More study can be done on different training programmes conducted by different agencies (Kalsariya, et al. 2015).
The impact of training on majority of the farmers has been positive and effective. The government‘s effort to improve the farmers‘ performance and capability through the training intervention had been meaningful as this initiative had not only brought positive impact to the farmers themselves but, to a larger extent, had indirectly contributed to the economic development of the country (Sharma, et al. 2017).
The major two constraints for the enterprise establishment were lack of new idea for entrepreneurial ventures, and the availability of loan facility for starting the enterprise. KVK provide adequate training to the rural people then also the establishment of enterprise is quite low. So there is strong need to study all the stakeholders related to kvk and enterprise establishment (Ponnusamy et al. 2020). The perception towards the effectiveness of KVKs was medium. There is need to focus on vocational training programmes over traditional practices by KVK (Ranjan, et al. 2017).
Training has made significant impact in increasing the knowledge level of the tribal farmers and farm women on various farm activities. At the same time, average gap of 33.00% indicated that the tribal’s were still lacking in adequate knowledge. Hence, KVKs have to organize more need based training programmes to enrich knowledge and skill competency of the tribal farmers to adopt the changed practices for more production and income for their sustainable livelihood (Narayan bar, 2015).
KVK has created awareness and motivated to rural people to adopt the new methods and new technologies (savita singal, et al2017).
It is concluded that poor rural women think positively towards the training Programmes. And the vocational training programme plays a vital role in empowering the women. The results show that most of the women has interest in tailoring course because it helps them in earning money at home as well as they can take care of their household work (Emmanuel janagan Johnson, 2015). Farmers have good knowledge after receiving the training, but the knowledge has to be translated to adoption. So more efforts has to be made by all the stakeholders related to Shankar et al. 2019). The beneficiary area possessed more knowledge about KVK activities as compared to non-beneficiaries of KVK, because of more exposure about various activities of transfer of technology. . The non-beneficiaries were destitute of such exposure resulting into their poor knowledge. It is recommended that KVK personnel should do more follow ups and contact to farmers who had unfavorable attitude (Ram Jiyawan, et al, 2012). After the training by KVK there was positive impact on income due to shifting from below poverty line to medium group. 22.00 per cent was gain in knowledge of the adopters as compared to Non adopters of the KVK programme (Imsunaro Jamir et al. 2018).
Majority of the trainees of KVK were having positive or favorable attitude towards the working of KVK. It is recommended that KVK should make adequate follow ups for their training programmes and also ensure that all farmers are aware of the different types of training of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Geethu, et al. 2019).
There was paucity in terms of frequency of training imparted by KVKs of Manipur. The efforts have been made in training of farmers in the common vocations and areas of interest, there still remains a gap which needs to be forward (Sajeev et al. 2012).
Vocational training in agriculture related areas for the rural youth is one of the solutions of growing unemployment (Dash & Kumar 2018).
Majority of the respondents who received vocational training namely tailoring and stitching and handicraft were having medium level of employment and income level is also medium .More involvement of other stakeholders should be there I.E banks, government , scientists (Jain 2013). Most of the trainees have medium level of adoption of technologies after receiving the training from kvk. KVK should arrange the critical inputs timely (Selvi et al. 2020).
There is shift in occupation of rural youth from agricultural to non agricultural activities which results in growth of non farm income in recent times. Thus kvk provides vocational training to the rural people related to agriculture and allied sectors so that there would be development of rural youth.
Majority of the respondents who received vocational training namely tailoring and stitching and handicraft were having medium level of employment and income level is also medium .More involvement of other stakeholders should be there I.E banks, government , scientists (Jain 2013). Most of the trainees have medium level of adoption of technologies after receiving the training from kvk. KVK should arrange the critical inputs timely (Selvi et al. 2020). There is shift in occupation of rural youth from agricultural to non agricultural activities which results in growth of non farm income in recent times. Thus kvk provides vocational training to the rural people related to agriculture and allied sectors so that there would be development of rural youth.
Evaluation of the Literature
Training programmes of Krishi vigyan Kendra has been a topic of attention for researchers in the past and today. This study finds issue which may require further research consideration in KVK strategies according to trainees. The aim of the study is to know about the Krishi vigyan Kendra, their training programmes, its impact .By going all the way to literature, it is obvious that Krishi vigyan Kendra provides training to rural people, farm women, farm youth etc. it has made the significant changes in the behavior of rural people. By reviewing the literature, some research gaps were identified in the way of vocational trainings conducted by KVKs, and Self Employment and rural youth. Still wide research has to carry out to really identify Krishi vigyan Kendra impact on Self employment of rural youth and it becomes essential because rural youth is very determining in the development of the nation.
Research Gaps
1. The study finds that there is limited amount of research focused on rural youth Self Employment.
2. There are some areas where the progress is limited so there is need to find out the reasons and try to make the suitable changes in training curriculum.
3. More studies should do on the adequate follow up of the training programmes. Are the farmers getting training, has their any benefit of these training programme. All the farmers are aware of the activities of Krishi vigyan Kendra?
4. Further research need to be focused on the problems and constraints for adoption of the technology.
5. The study has not focused on the farmers who are not interested in training and the reasons why they are not interested
6. . A comparative study of Krishi Vigyan Kendra can be planned between beneficiaries and Non beneficiaries.
7. There are very few studies regarding the rural youth entrepreneurs.
8. More studies should be done to assess the impact of Vocational Training Programmes on income and livelihood of youth farmers after establishing an enterprise.
A significant portion of the economy of Rajasthan is agrarian. The agricultural sector of the state accounts for 22.5 percent. The arid state which receives not more than an annual rainfall of 25 cm thrives on agriculture that is done with irrigation systems. A major portion of the state is parched and in fertile. In such areas, Agriculture becomes very difficult. So now the rural youth is setting their own small enterprises for livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra is contributing a lot in agriculture and in allied sectors. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s came into existence for offering need-based, skill oriented and vocational trainings to the rural people. It Organize long term vocational training courses in agriculture and allied vocations for the rural youths with emphasis on “learning by doing” for generating self-employment through institutional financing. Though rural youth are getting support from the KVK extension services from the last few decades, now there is a need to assess the role of KVK in providing vocational training to the rural youth and its impact on self-generating employment.
Managerial Implications
In economic growth of the country, rural youth play a vital role. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra is mainly concerned with imparting need based and vocational training to the farmers, farm women, and rural youth. The prime aim of the research is to study the overall adoption status of various practices imparted during various vocational training programmes organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The findings of the study will throw light on the impact of the training in terms of Enterprise establishment by the rural youth. The study will also explore the reasons of adoption and non adoption and Discontinuance of each practice imparted under various vocational training courses. Findings of the study will serve as feedback for the administrators, and Trainers of KVK to rectify the weakness and shortcomings in planning and organization of future training programmes.
Way Forward
This paper identify the types of training provided in vocational programmes by KVK .In future research, the impact of vocational training courses of KVK’S on establishing agriculture and non agriculture related enterprise by the trained youth, needs more study. More study requires understanding the obstacles faced by rural youth in enterprise establishment. There is need to assess the impact of vocational training on income and livelihood. There is need to identify the factor as to why rural youths are not getting involved in training provided by KVK.
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Received: 19-May-2023, Manuscript No. AMSJ-23-13610; Editor assigned: 22-May-2023, PreQC No. AMSJ-23-13610(PQ); Reviewed: 26-Jun-2023, QC No. AMSJ-23-13610; Revised: 28-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. AMSJ-23-13610(R); Published:18-Sep-2023