Keywords

Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial process, Entrepreneurial success, Students

Introduction

Entrepreneurship is one of the most popular occupations among young people who have a business spirit to develop their potential. Entrepreneurship for young people is seen as a means to challenge them by building creative and innovative businesses, one of which is to prepare for the future. In the present era of industry 4.0, innovation and creativity are the main characteristics of an entrepreneur so that the business or business that is being or is being carried out has the competitiveness and able to survive during an ever-growing community. Entrepreneurs must be able to see various opportunities for problems that exist in society and find promising and business-value solutions to be developed with mindful strategies.

Indonesia internationally is one of the countries with the largest number of productive age in the world, namely around 183.36 million people or 68.7% of the total population in 2019.

This figure can be two sides of a knife which can be an opportunity and can be a burden. It is an opportunity where young people can develop themselves and improve the country's economy, and become a burden when the unemployment rate increases. To remain an opportunity, the government is currently incessantly formulating various programs that can develop an entrepreneurial spirit of the youngsters. Entrepreneurship is considered as the main alternative to improve the country's economy by utilizing creative thoughts from young people. Besides, entrepreneurship has a domino effect on increasing employment and reducing unemployment that might occur.

Students as job seekers are expected not to depend on existing job opportunities, but also to create their businesses and even create jobs for others, namely by doing entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously generate creative and innovative thoughts from students. The development of entrepreneurial spirit in students is one of the government's strategies to produce young entrepreneurs in the future.

To foster and accommodate students' interest in entrepreneurship, the government through the Directorate General of Higher Education at the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Indonesia has set several programs to achieve these goals. Among them, requiring higher education curricula to include Entrepreneurship Courses as compulsory courses that must be taken by students, facilitating an achievement event in the form of student entrepreneurial creativity program to multiply students’ creativity and innovation, providing capital assistance for students who are interested in entrepreneurship through Student Entrepreneurship Program and many other entrepreneurship programs. More business planning competitions also conducted by universities, government and private institutions serve as a stimulus to develop an entrepreneurial spirit among students (Banowati et al., 2020). There are two policies related to the implementation of entrepreneurship education programs, namely: 1) entrepreneurship as a subject at the secondary education level and at the higher education level, and 2) entrepreneurship as a skill that refers to competency standards (Depdiknas, 2010; in Wiratno, 2012).

From the description above, a conclusion is derived that entrepreneurship involves the formation of an attitude/mind-set, skills development and the provision of knowledge. In other words, entrepreneurship is a person's potential to be developed through education and training in the form of experience, challenges, and the courage to take risks in working and/or creating jobs. According to Soetadi (2010), entrepreneurs are those who can see and assess business opportunities, gather the resources needed to take appropriate action, take advantage and have the nature, character and willingness to create innovative ideas into real world creatively to achieve success/increase income.

Conclusion from the definition above is that an entrepreneur must be able to see opportunities, analyze opportunities and make decisions to achieve useful benefits for himself/herself or the surrounding environment and the continuation of the business before these opportunities are explored by others. Successful entrepreneurs usually spur a dream and try to make it happen as the belief in the success that can be achieved. Entrepreneurial mental attitude is characterized by independence, ability to work together, ability to take risks, honesty, responsibility, reasoning, and care. Those attitudes certainly do not grow instantaneously, but there is the consistency to continue to grow and be sustainable (Mardani, 2012). The entrepreneurial process does not run in a short time but is continuously trained from an early age. Studies on how the process of becoming an entrepreneur has been formulated by several experts in various fields, Frinces (2010) concluded that there are two processes, namely natural and engineered.

The natural process is due to heredity and environment. In this context, the process of becoming an entrepreneur is due to genetic factors that have been passed down from generation to generation to the next, thus simplifying and accelerating the process of becoming an entrepreneur. But it also needs to be engineered, educated, and trained in order to become a good and reliable entrepreneur. Besides, the environment and culture of the people also affect. In this context, the process of becoming an entrepreneur is due to a community environment in which the culture and culture of the community have been formed as a society and a business state which is generally evenly distributed.

The engineered process alone, for those who have absolutely no descent and entrepreneurial genetics, the process becomes more difficult than what is described above. The condition of the engineered process to be entrepreneurial requires a variety of systematic processes. Carrying out the engineered process mentioned earlier, three stages are required as follows:

First, make preparations individually. Preparations related to this include personal preparation physically, mentally and spiritually; preparation for the development of knowledge and skills, developing the personality of an entrepreneur, and developing creative strategies. In the preparation for the development of knowledge and skills, entrepreneurial skills can be divided into two major groups, namely general skills and specific skills. General skills include: (1) Technical skills, which involve the ability to use specific and technical knowledge in various fields such as engineering, finance, accounting, and marketing. This knowledge is obtained through formal education or various work experiences (internships). (2) Interpersonal skill. An entrepreneur must have the ability to work in and as a team. He must be aware of that not all tasks can be done and managed by himself. Therefore, he must prepare himself to understand the preferences (major wills) and feelings of the other party. (3) Conceptual skills. Conceptual skills are related to the ability of an entrepreneur to be more consistent and integrate all business activities to achieve the company's main aspiration. The second skill is special skills such as; production skills to make goods and/or services, marketing, and marketing skills, and skills to calculate market potential, business prospects, costs, and profits.

The personality of an entrepreneur also needs to be developed so that an entrepreneur can be tough in making decisions and have the courage to face the risks that might occur. The characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality that must be developed include; personal belief in himself, willingness, and courage to take risks. Personality 'A' which is based on a willingness to work hard, 'greedy', aggressive, acting or acting impulsively, although not evenly successful in doing something, and passionate about doing one, two, or three things or tasks at once because an entrepreneur should not lose time and opportunity. In many cases, people are often called "impatient" in doing something because they are only interested in the result that must be achieved. The 'B' personality is a more relaxed, easy-going, and uncompetitive personality type. This type is very interested in connecting and building as many relationships as possible with other parties without seeing any benefits or not. Then the last thing in individual preparation is developing creative strategies. Creative strategies in entrepreneurship can be formed by forming and creating a self that has the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur, understanding the concept of creativity, developing self and organizational creativity, the ability to create and answer the question: how to develop creativity? And having a place of control (locus of control): where success can be determined by both coming from within oneself and externally from other things, beyond one's abilities. Second, make strategic preparations to start a business. Strategic preparation can be in the form of planning entrepreneurial activities. Identify the market, determine the pricing strategy, determine the market strategy and the target prepare and develop skilled human resources, and design the desired cost of the project or business activity.

Third, is technical preparation for self-development of a novice entrepreneur by establishing attention, thought, emotion, and concentration in a focused/whole manner to make himself like a professional entrepreneur, and to understand and absorb stories of successful entrepreneurial experiences. Technical preparation also includes the formation of abilities and skills from the technical, human and conceptual aspects of an entrepreneurial candidate. On-the-job training and internship experience are also included in technical preparation for entrepreneurship.

In a business, of course, the main goal is to increase profits. However, profit is not the only determining indicator of the successful business. Dalimunthe (2002) in Noersasongko (2005) states that we can analyze the success of a business by knowing the performance of a company which can be formulated through a comparison of the value produced by the company with the expected value by utilizing its resources. Meanwhile, Noor (2007) argues that business success is essentially the success of the business achieving its goals, a business is said to be successful when it gets a profit because profit is the goal of doing business. The success of the business is the subject of concern for researchers, as done by Masykuri & Soesatyo (2013) in Aji, et al., (2018) that unemployment in Indonesia is still very high because the success of business in Indonesia is still lacking, especially in Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) knowledge, capital, and others about business are still lacking.

Entrepreneurial success according to Noor (2007) has 5 main indicators, namely (1) Profitability, wherein the business profit is the main objective. Operating profit is the difference between income and expenses. (2) Productivity and efficiency, which means that the size of the productivity of a business will determine the size of the production. This will affect the size of the sales and in the end determine the size of the income, thus affecting the size of the profits obtained. (3) Competitiveness is the ability or toughness in competing for the attention and loyalty of consumers. A business can be said to be successful if it can beat competitors or at least still survive against competitors. (4) Competence and business ethics. Competence is the accumulation of knowledge, research results, and experience quantitatively and qualitatively in their fields so that they can produce innovations by the demands of the times. (5) Build a good image. The company's good image is divided into two, namely, internal trust and external trust. Internal trust is the trustor trust of all people in the company. Meanwhile, external trust is the emergence of a sense of trust or trust from all company stakeholders, be it consumers, suppliers, government, or the wider community, even competitors.

Methodology

The population in this study was all students of the Faculty of Social Science (FIS – Fakultas Ilmu Sosial) of UNNES who were actively studying in the 2019-2020 school year. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling technique, FIS students who have a business or are currently active in entrepreneurship. The data was collected by applying closed questionnaire media and analyzed using linear regression analysis techniques to determine whether the relationship between the entrepreneurial process is significant and the success of the business on the object of research. The research results were also analyzed using quantitative descriptions.

Results and Discussion

Entrepreneurial Profile of FIS UNNES Students

Entrepreneurial activities among students were carried out by 69 students. The marketing strategy implemented was by utilizing 77 % on social media and 23% offline-based. This showed an adaptation to the times that is easy for young people to learn and do. The fact that the use of social media as a marketing strategy is nothing new today. Further data showed, it was found that there are 7 categories of business offered, namely in the fields of fashion, beauty, food and beverage, services, souvenirs, pulses and bills, and others. The students’ business categoryies can be seen in the following figure 1:

Entrepreneurial Process of the Students

The engineered process is further divided into 3 preparations, namely individual preparation in the form of attitude and character preparation, strategic preparation in the form of entrepreneurial knowledge, and technical preparation in the form of skills. Both processes were carried out by a survey of the students who were entrepreneurs and showed the following results (Table 1):

Table 1 Achievement of Student Entrepreneurship Process for FIS Unnes’s Students
Indicators	Score	Max score	Achievement (%)
Natural process	1044	1800	58
Engineering process
• Individual preparation	1106,5	1650	67,06
• Strategy preparation	752	1200	62,67
• Technical preparation	690	1200	57,5
The entrepreneurial process	3592,5	5850	61,41

Based on the collected data, the highest level of achievement is in the individual preparation process, reaching 67.06%. The preparation in the form of preparing and accustoming entrepreneurial attitudes to daily behavior. In Suryana (2013), a successful entrepreneur generally has characteristics, namely (1) high achievement motives, (2) forward perspective, (3) high creativity, (4) high innovative behavior, (5) committing to work, (6) responsibility, (7) independent or not dependent on others, (8) dare to face risks, (9) always looking for opportunities.

The application of entrepreneurial attitudes to the students can be obtained from their daily lives and experiences when running the business. Then the preparation of the strategy obtained an achievement level of 62.67%. In strategic preparation, the most emphasis is on the student's knowledge of business and how to develop a business properly and correctly. Knowledge in the form of initial business planning, correct market and market strategies, market identification, bookkeeping management, profit and loss calculations, reading market situations, and other knowledge are included in strategic preparation. Then the level of achievement of technical preparation was 57.5% where this preparation was the lowest compared to other entrepreneurial processes. This preparation is more about strengthening the focus on entrepreneurship, experience, and personal skills to be ready to compete with similar businesses. Entrepreneurial students certainly use entrepreneurship as their side activity besides studying. Running a business is not a student's main focus, so it is only natural that students still lack experience and skills in developing a business. They added that the business carried out was only in the form of small scale businesses and had not been running long enough.

In the natural process, there was an attainment level of 58%, which means that only half of them are entrepreneurs because they are influenced by their family background and environment. In general, those who come from a family or business community will have their business instincts. But apart from that, the engineered process greatly influences how people proceed to become a reliable entrepreneur.

In general, the entrepreneurial process of the students was still around 61.41% of the ideal score of 100%. If it is classified, it is still in the middle class and needs to be improved, both individual preparation, strategy, and technical preparation. Activeness in various campus entrepreneurial activities can be a starting point for increasing behavior, knowledge, and skills in business development. Participating in various business planning competitions, classes, or business development workshops from both the university and the private sector can increase skills knowledge and instill entrepreneurial attitudes in FIS UNNES students (Table 2).

Table 2 Achievement of Student Entrepreneurship Process of The Students
Class	Score
Low	1170 – 2106
Pretty low	2133 – 3042
Moderate	3043 – 3978
High enough	3979 – 4914
High	4914 - 5850

The Entrepreneurial Success of the Students

There are five aspects of entrepreneurial success stated by Noor (2007), business competitiveness was the lowest, namely 51.5% of the maximum score. The low competitiveness of businesses run by students was caused by the businesses they were running were common businesses and many similar businesses were more experienced. From these data, the development of a good image to customers and consumers was a balance for the business to survive even though its competitiveness was low. Maintaining customer satisfaction with the products or services offered was one way to survive in the business world. Then the level of achievement in the productivity and efficiency aspects was 59%. This value was the same as competence and business ethics. Meanwhile, profit or profitability reached a score of 56.5% (Table 3).

Table 3 Achievement of Entrepreneurial Successes of The Students
Indicators	Score	Max score	Achievement (%)
Profitability	678	1200	56.5
Productivity and Efficiency	531	900	59
Competitiveness	618	1200	51.5
Competence and Business Ethics	531	900	59
Build a good image	540	900	60
Entrepreneurial success	2898	5100	56,82

The level of achievement of business success from the five aspects put forward by Noor (2007), namely profit/profitability, productivity and efficiency, competitiveness, competence, and business ethics and building a good image scored 56.86%. This achievement is in the medium class as shown in table 4. However, the success of the business run by students was quite good because entrepreneurship was only a side activity carried out by students.

Table 4 Entrepreneurial Success of FIS Unnes Students
Class	Score
Low	1020 – 1836
Pretty low	1837 – 2652
Moderate	2653 – 3468
High enough	3469 – 4284
High	4285– 5100

The Relationship between the Entrepreneurial Process and Entrepreneurial Success

The independent variable (X) in this study is the entrepreneurial process, while the dependent variable (Y) is entrepreneurial success. To determine the relationship between these two variables, a simple linear regression analysis was carried out and the following results were obtained (Table 5):

Table 5 Correlation Between Variables
Variables	Mean	Std. Deviation	Pearson Correlation
Entrepreneurial process	19,7	2,324	0,457
Entrepreneurial success	146,75	22,034
Source: Primary data processing, 2020

Based on the results of statistical data processing, it was found that the correlation number was 0.457 wherein the calcification table the value of the Pearson r coefficient is included in a strong enough relationship which was in the number 0.4 - 0.599. Like the following table 6:

Table 6 Classification of The Value of The Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Class	Scores
Very Strong	0,80 – 1,00
Strong	0,60 – 0,799
Strong enough	0,40 – 0,599
Low	0,20 – 0,399
Very low	0,00 – 0,199

A fairly strong relationship between the entrepreneurial process and the success of business in the entrepreneurship of FIS UNNES students can be seen from the second class of the same variable being. This is one of the reasons the relationship between these two variables is strong. If the entrepreneurial process can be further developed in terms of character, knowledge, and skills, then the chances of a business being successful will also be even greater. The entrepreneurial process was still at the middle-class level due to the lack of experience of business actors. Students as business people, of course, entrepreneurship were not their main priority. Also, the business they were running was only a side activity so that they did not focus yet on developing the business, and experience in entrepreneurship was still minimal. This was what made entrepreneurship among FIS UNNES students not yet showing significant results. Several efforts that can be made to increase the value of the entrepreneurial process include; actively participates in entrepreneurship workshops and seminars held by both campus and private parties broadens entrepreneurial insights by learning from people who have succeeded in entrepreneurship, building relationships between fellow entrepreneurs, and other efforts that can be made to increase individual, strategic and technical readiness to become entrepreneurs successful.

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship which was run by FIS UNNES students was generally divided into 7 business categories, namely in the fields of fashion, beauty, food and beverage, services, souvenirs, pulses and bills, and others. From the seven fields, fashion was the most popular and profitable. This was supported by the suitability of this field to the character and trends of young people. After identifying the entrepreneurial process of the students, the engineered process was more dominant than the natural process. In the engineered process which was divided into three preparations including individual, strategic and technical preparations, individual preparations had the highest achievement level reaching 67.06%. Meanwhile, the lowest achievement was in technical preparation, namely 57.5%. Then the entrepreneurial success variable had five indicators, namely profit/profitability, productivity and efficiency, competitiveness, competence and business ethics, and the formation of a good image. Derived from the five indicators, building a good image of the product or service offered to customers or consumers was the indicator with the highest level of achievement, namely 60%. Meanwhile, the lowest was the competitiveness indicator. After doing a simple linear regression analysis, it was found that there was a strong enough relationship between the entrepreneurial process and entrepreneurial success. The Pearson correlation index of the relationship between these two variables was at 0.457.

Acknowledgement

This research was initially funded by the Budget Implementation List (DIPA Funds) Universitas Negeri Semarang. The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to the Director of Universitas Negeri Semarang – Prof. Dr Fathur Rokhman, M. Hum., the Chairman of LP2M - UNNES, and the Dean of Faculty of Social Science – UNNES, and also staffs who gave us the opportunity to conduct this research. The authors are also thankful to all students of Faculty of Social Science and various other parties who have help us and cooperate during the research.

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