Keywords

Causative Factors, Family Violence,

Introduction

Currently, during the epidemic situation of COVID-19, one measure that many governments around the world, including Thailand, are enforcing to prevent and stop the spread of the disease are; for people to stay at home, close the risk of spreading the virus, both workplaces, educational institutions at all levels, including nurseries. But when 'home' is not a safe place for everyone, 'staying at home for the nation' becomes a nightmare that multiplies in severity and frequency. For many women, couples, and children around the world, according to the British and Wales Anti-Domestic Violence Commission, in March 2020 there were more calls in the UK for help on domestic violence. up to 65%. Like a city in Hubei Province, China, police-reported a three-fold increase in domestic violence complaints compared to the same period last year. 90% of domestic violence incidents are linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.

While in Thailand, the Operation Center of the Department of Women's Affairs and Family Institute, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security revealed that throughout March 2020 that There were 154 cases of domestic violence, an increase from 144 in February 2020, and 140 in March 2019 which although the number is not increasing much, further measures need to be put in place to support it. However, the above statistics are only the number of cases in which the victims stepped out to seek help from outsiders or agencies. But there are also cases where these matters are not disclosed for reasons such as fear, embarrassment, insecurity in the home, or the perception of outsiders that the violence is dealing with family problems, or Husband and wife should not interfere. This includes the lack of channels for complaints and referrals, especially in situations where everyone is quarantined. As the Safe Cities for Women Network reveals, women or children visiting hospitals for physical abuse or mental health problems from violence are referred to as 'reliant centers'. But with the outbreak of COVID-19, most hospitals have increased workload and have a policy not to encourage people to go to hospitals to reduce the chance of infection. The chances that women and children can get help through channels so this is less. In addition, in most cases of child abuse in the home, it is observed by teachers. But when schools are closed, the chances of teachers or outsiders helping to monitor or provide assistance to children who have been abused in their families are also reduced (Office of the National Human Rights Commission, 2020).

In addition, data from the United Nations indicates that Thailand has consistently ranked among the top 10 causes of violence against women in the world. One in three was psychologically violent, while those who came forward to share stories of violence and called for help were very few, only 17 percent of the total. In addition, the Center for Domestic Violence Prevention, Ministry of Social Development, and Human Security have compiled data on domestic violence in 2019. It found that 1,376 domestic violence incidents occurred, but only prosecutions were made. 354 cases, which is less than half of the total number of actual incidents. 53% of the violence was committed by a partner or family member, where more than half of the perpetrators were acquaintances or family members. The scene of the crime was usually in the victim's quarters, where most cases were reported in the category of rape and many cases rely on trust to entice the victim to do so (Yotaphan, 2020)

Chiang Rai Province is one of the provinces that can be regarded as having a very difficult family institution situation. Especially the problem of domestic violence that occurs with children and youth and tends to escalate. From the Chiang Rai Provincial Development Plan 2018–2021 report on the statistics of violence against women and domestic violence, it was found that There was a 62% increase in violence statistics between 2014 and 2017, Which is the cause of domestic violence against children and youth, most of the causes are that children may be born in a dysfunctional family, are not ready to have children, children lack proper care from parents due to Each day the parents had to go to work, so they left the children at home with their nannies. Or in some cases, the child may be alone, causing problems that may result in the child being physically abused such as beating from relatives or nanny, without parents knowing, when the child is often treated like this, the child becomes suppressed, does not dare to speak, does not dare to make eye contact with others, causing the child to be affected by both physical and mental.

This study, therefore, aims to answer the question of what is the causal factor of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province. The purpose of this study was to study the causal factors of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province.

Literature Review

Family Violence

Family violence refers to any activity with the intent to harm the physical, mental, or health of a family member or to force or unfair influence on a family member to act, not commit, or accept the act. any unlawful act, but does not include negligent acts. The study of Family violence describes the formation of behavior Family violence is explained by a variety of theories, both sociological and psychological theories. In addition to studying the family concept, it was found that The family is both a group and the most important institution, at which time the personality of a person from childhood is being formed and developed, and the intimacy and opportunities for connection continue until adolescence. The family, therefore, plays an especially important role in the development of the behavioral patterns that children manifest in society. The findings of Khopolklang, (2007) examined factors of the existence or collapse of families, including the results of a study on the Family violence situation and the results of interviews with Supensri Phungkhoksung, director of the Foundation. promote social equality found that The main cause of domestic violence is that family members are disrespectful and see male values as troublemakers. The majority of the behaviors that lead to violence are arguments, along with the use of insulting, derogatory, emotional, and infidelity behaviors (Pongthongwattana, C.,2018). Factors that drive violence are imitative behaviors in familiar households or those close to them, phrasing, substance abuse, leadership, and family competitiveness, as well as Dr. Taweesin Visanuyothin, spokesman for the Ministry of Public Health (Pongthongwattana, C., 2018) said that domestic violence is caused by three main factors: the individual, the family, and the social or imitation behavior.

Elements of Family Violence

From the discussion, Key Informants included community leaders, educators, government and non-governmental agencies dealing with children, parents, violent persons, and religious leaders. It aims to find factors that influence Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province. Physical violence, verbal violence, and social violence. Family violence is defined as a child or adolescent abuse by a parent, whether physically or verbally, with bare hands or any other object, violent or nonviolent, or coerced into committing an offense either directly and through social media. Family's lack of warmth, poor environment, gambling addiction, quarrels, drug addiction results in physical, verbal, and social pain.

Methodology

The population used in this research was 165,728 youths in Chiang Rai Province, aged 15-25 years (Office of Registration Administration, 2017).

The samples used in the research were children and youth in Chiang Rai province aged 15-25 years, obtained by the purposive selection, which was obtained by Multistage Random Sampling, according to the table of sample sizes that should be selected from the population, a sample of 400 people (Ymane, 1973; Wongratana, C., 2015). The sample was selected in two steps: 1) Proportional stratification. And 2) The second random sampling was done by random sampling method to select a sample of each district randomly from the first time by randomly selecting the names of 400 youths in Chiang Rai province aged 15-25 years old without re-entering them.

Research tools: The causal factors questionnaire Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai was developed from a study of documents related to Family violence. This questionnaire is a rating scale questionnaire based on the Likert model with 5 levels. Passed the content validity check (Content Validity) from 3 experts. Reliability was examined by experimenting with children and youth who were not the actual sample. and analyzed for Cronbach's correlation coefficient (Alpha Coefficient of Cronbach). The results of the quality assurance examination of the questionnaire found that the whole questionnaire had a high level of confidence, having a coefficient of 0.97, and each component of the questionnaire had a high level of confidence. with 31 coefficients between 0.21 and 0.79.

Data Collection Process

Data collection in the causal factor study of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province. The investigator carried out a planned implementation of the planned steps in collecting data with a sample for research and using the Family Violence in Children and Youth causal factor questionnaire in Chiang Rai province to check for completeness, Then the researcher took the complete questionnaire for statistical analysis, Therefore, a complete questionnaire was used to distribute the data.

Data Analysis

The researcher analyzed the data with basic statistics. and compare the mean between the two independent t-tests, and the regression coefficient test is to test whether criteria variables and predictive variables are related by using test statistics, and analyzing linear multiple regression lines in the form of equations.

Result

In this research study, the researcher presented the results of the data analysis into 2 parts as follows:

Part 1 General Information of Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province

The research team presented data on the number and percentage of general information of children and youth in Chiang Rai Province as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Number and Percentage of General Information of Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province (N=400)
General information of children and youth in Chiang Rai Province	Frequency(men)	Percentage
1. Gender
Male	167	41.75
Female	233	58.25
Total	400	100.00
2. Age
15-17 years	232	58.00
18-20 years	120	30.00
21-23 years	48	12.00
Total	400	100.00
3. Education level
Junior high school	59	14.75
High school	133	33.25
Diploma	40	10.00
Bachelor's degree	168	42.00
Total	400	100.00
4. Status
Single	259	64.75
Get married	100	25.00
Divorce	41	10.25
Total	400	100.00
5. Career
Farmer	150	37.50
Work for hire	110	27.50
Trade	90	22.50
Personal business	50	12.50
Total	400	100.00
6. Monthly income
5000-10,000 baht	80	20.00
10,001-15,000 baht	230	57.50
15,001-20,000 baht	44	11.00
20,001-25,000 baht	46	11.50
Total	400	100.00
7. Who does most of the family's income come from?
Family head	167	41.75
Father/mother	200	50.00
Relatives	33	8.25
Total	400	100.00
8. Family Debt
No debt	280	70.00
Have debts less than 10,000 baht	120	30.00
Total	400	100.00
9. Family Savings
No savings	148	37.00
Have savings of 10,001 baht or more	252	63.00
Total	400	100.00
10. Family structure
Single-family	128	32.00
Extended family	272	68.00
Total	400	100.00
11. District
Mueang Chiang Rai District	84	21.00
Wiang Chai District	14	3.50
Chiang Khong District	21	5.25
Thoeng District	28	7.00
Phan District	37	9.25
Pa Daet District	10	2.50
Mae Chan District	31	7.75
Chiang Saen District	16	4.00
Mae Sai District	24	6.00
Mae Suai District	30	7.50
Wiang Pa Pao District	22	5.50
Phaya Mengrai District	14	3.50
Wiang Kaen District	14	3.50
Khun Tan District	10	2.50
Mae Fah Luang District	25	6.25
Mae Lao District	10	2.50
Wiang Chiang Rung District	10	2.50
Total	400	100.00

From Table 1, it is found that the majority of children and youth in Chiang Rai Province are females (58.25%) and males (41.75%). Most were 15-17 years old accounted for 58.00%, followed by 18-20 years old accounting for 30.00%, and 21-23 years old accounted for 12.00%. They had a bachelor's degree representing 42.00 percent, followed by a high school level representing 33.25 percent, a junior high school level representing 14.75%, and an advanced vocational certificate level representing 10.00 percent. There were 64.75% single status, followed by 25.00%marital status, and 10.25%divorce status. The occupation was farmers accounted for 37.50%, followed by the occupation of labor accounted for 27.50%, the occupation of trading accounted for 22.50%, and the occupation of personal business accounted for 12.50%. Monthly income is between 10,001-15,000 baht, representing 57.50%, followed by monthly income between 5000-10,000 baht, representing 20.00 percent, monthly income is between 20,001-25,000 baht, representing a hundred. 11.50 per month, and monthly income is between 15,001-20,000 baht or 11.00 percent. Most of the family's income came from parents at 50.00 percent, followed by the head of the family at 41.75%, and relatives at 8.25%. Most of them have no family debts representing 70.00%, and have debts of less than 10,000 baht representing 30.00%. have savings of 10,001 baht, representing 63.00 percent, and no savings account for 37.00%. The family structure was extended family at 68.00 percent, and single-family at 32.00 percent. Residing in Mueang Chiang Rai District 21.00 percent, followed by Phan District 9.25%, Mae Chan District 7.75 percent, Mae Suai District 7.50, Thoeng District 7.00 percent, Mae Fa District Luang Phor 6.25%, Mae Sai District 6.00%, Wiang Pa Pao District 5.50%, Chiang Khong District 5.25%, Chiang Saen District 4.00%, Wiang Chai District Phaya Mengrai District Wiang Kaen District They accounted for 3.50%, Pa Daet District, Khun Tan District, Mae Lao District, and Wiang Chiang Rung District accounted for 2.50%, respectively.

Part 2 Causal Factor Study of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province

Basic statistical values of causal factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province

The researchers analyzed the mean and standard deviation of the causal factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviation of Causal Factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province (n=400)
Causal factors of domestic violence	M	S.D.	Level
Physical violence (X1)	2.62	0.39	Moderate
Verbal violence(X2)	2.99	0.62	Moderate
Social violence(X3)	2.53	0.51	Moderate
Family violence(Y)	2.71	0.50	Moderate

From Table 2, the Causal Factors Family Violence in Children and Youth had mean physical violence (X₁)=2.62, S.D.0.39, was at moderate. Verbal violence (X₂)=2.99, S.D.=0.62 was at moderate. Social violence(X₃) equal to 2.53 with a standard deviation of 0.51 in the moderate level. Children and adolescents had mean family violence (Y) of 2.71 with a standard deviation of 0.50 at a moderate level.

Correlation Coefficient of Causal Factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province.

The researcher studied the causal factors of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province by finding the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient as in Table 3.

Table 3 Causal Correlation Coefficient of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province (n=400)
??????	X1	X2	X3	Y
X1	1.00
X2	0.30**	1.00
X3	0.20**	0.66**	1.00
Y	0.36**	0.37**	0.33**	1.00

From Table 3, it was found that the causal factor Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai had a correlation coefficient of between 0.33-0.37, all variables had a statistically significant positive correlation at the .01 level; verbal violence(X₂) and Family violence(Y) had the highest correlation coefficient was 0.37, followed by physical violence (X₁), and Family violence(Y) had a correlation coefficient was 0.36. However, social violence(X₃), and Family violence(Y), had the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.33, respectively.

A Causal Factor Study of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province

Before the research team did the causal factor Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province. The researchers examined the relationship between the factor variables affecting Family Violence in Children and Youth by using Tolerence and VIF, Multiple Regression Analysis using the Enter Method as in Table 4.

Table 4 Examining The Relationship of Causal Factor Variables Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province (n=400)
Factor Variable	Tolerence	VIF
Physical violence (X1)	0.91	1.10
Verbal violence(X1)	0.53	1.87
Social violence(X1)	0.56	1.77

From Table 4, it was found that the factor variables had Tolerence values between 0.56-0.91 which was not more than 3.00 while VIF values were between 1.10-1.87, A value of less than 10 indicates that the Tolerence value and the VIF value are consistent. Thus, it can be concluded that the factor variables do not have a correlation problem as a colinearity. The researcher then proceeded to analyze the multiple regression in the next step.

Table 5 Multiple Regression of Causal Factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province (n=400)
Factor variable	b	SE	β	t	p
(Constant)	0.87	0.18	-	5.00**	.00
Physical violence (X1)	0.35	0.06	0.27	5.83**	.00
Verbal violence(X1)	0.16	0.05	0.19	3.08**	.00
Social violence(X1)	0.15	0.06	0.15	2.51**	.01

From Table 5, the multiple regression of the causal factors of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai was statistically significant at the .01 level (F=36.29 df=3, 396 p=.00), indicating that physical violence (X₁) verbal violence(X₂) ???social violence(X₃) able to explain variance or predict family violence (Y) 22.00 percent.

The standard significance weight of the causal factors Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province with a statistically significant correlation at the .01 level was physical violence (X₁) had highest standard weighted significance was 0.27, followed by verbal violence (X₂) had a standard significance weight of 0.19 and social violence (X₃) had the lowest standard importance weight of 0.15, respectively. Therefore, the equation for forecasting the factors of physical violence (X₁, verbal violence(X₂) and social violence(X₃), a forecast equation can be created as follows:

Raw score regression equation

Y= 0.87 (Constant) + 0.35 + 0.16 + 0.15

Standard Score Regression Equation

ZY= 0.27 + 0.19 + 0.15

Discussion

A causal factor study of Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province found that: The causal factors affecting domestic violence include physical violence, verbal violence, and social violence. However, the results of the group discussions, summarized and interpreted engagingly with the key informants in this study, found that: The site's belief in the study that "love the cow to tie the child to hit" can be further interpreted as implying that hitting is meant to be properly educated, not to injure, or to inflict physical violence. physiological, as demonstrated by the mean of the causal factors of moderate physical severity, The data obtained from the study showed that the subjects did not view physical violence as domestic violence. Although the study by Caponnetto et al. (2019) states that the most common and affecting form of domestic violence is physical violence that not only causes bodily harm, As a result, those who have been subjected to violence must be isolated from society, in a state of fear, and without proper care. This is consistent with the findings of a study by Margaret, J. et al. (2019), which stated that physical and verbal violence was the most frequent and chronic, and even prevalent among family members.

Additionally, from a study by Pereda & Díaz-Faes. (2020) that examined the issue of domestic violence during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) crisis, Like this research, the consistent findings are that, amid Covid-19, children and young people are at increased risk of domestic violence. The social isolation imposed by measures taken in different countries, including Chiang Rai Province, affects operations. Economic instability, high levels of tension, and fear of the Covid-19 virus and family relationships under this new scenario have increased stress levels on the most vulnerable and vulnerable families.

Conclusion

The study found that all causal factors affecting Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai Province were positively correlated at the .01 level, namely; Physical severity has a maximum standard weight of 0.27, followed by verbal violence with a standard significance weight of 0.19, and social violence had the lowest standard weight of 0.15 respectively. This shows that if there is one form of domestic violence, other forms of domestic violence are often associated with it.

Recommendation

Finding Suing Recommendation: The results of this research can be applied as follows: (1) The causal factor questionnaire Family Violence in Children and Youth in Chiang Rai is a systematic and objectively developed tool. at a high level. Therefore, it can be used to measure the causal factors of Family Violence in Children and Youth. (2) Prevention and reduction of Family Violence in Children and Youth, all elements of domestic violence should be developed, This is because physical violence, verbal violence, and social violence are related components. However, there must be continuous development and follow-up.

Further Research Recommendation : (1) Other factors affecting family violence should be studied further. Such as life skills, family relationships, quality of life, etc., to be a part of preventing and reducing problems of Family Violence in Children and Youth to be more effective. (2) Other forms of Family Violence in Children and Youth education should be developed such as Computer-Based Training, Web-Based Training, E-Learning or Learning Portals, etc. to be in line with the New Normal lifestyle.

Acknowledgment

Assistant Professor Dr.Tongrak Jitbantao and Assistant Professor Jamaree Prasunin, are lecturers working at the School of Social Sciences, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, 80 Moo 9, Phahonyothin Road, Ban Du Subdistrict, Mueang District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The Corresponding author is Assistant Professor Dr.Tongrak Jitbantao, her E-mail is tongrak.jit@crru.ac.th.

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